Examining the impact of socioeconomic status, demographic characteristics, lifestyle and other risk factors on adults' cognitive functioning in developing countries: an analysis of five selected WHO SAGE Wave 1 Countries

Larnyo, Ebenezer; Dai, Baozhen; Nutakor, Jonathan Aseye; Ampon-Wireko, Sabina; Larnyo, Abigail; Appiah, Ruth

doi:10.1186/s12939-022-01622-7

International Journal for Equity in Health

Table 3 Summary of hierarchical regression analysis for variables predicting cognitive functioning in the five selected countries

From: Examining the impact of socioeconomic status, demographic characteristics, lifestyle and other risk factors on adults' cognitive functioning in developing countries: an analysis of five selected WHO SAGE Wave 1 Countries

	*China*									*Ghana*
Variable	B	SE		95% CI		β	t		p	B	SE		95% CI		β	t		p
Step 1
(Intercept)	2.88	0.09		[2.71, 3.06]		0.00	32.20		***	2.10	0.08		[1.95, 2.25]		0.00	27.30		***
Sex	-0.20	0.06		[-0.31, -0.09]		-0.07	-3.53		***	-0.06	0.03		[-0.12, -0.00]		-0.05	-2.11		**
Age	-0.10	0.01		[-0.12, -0.08]		-0.20	-10.07		***	-0.05	0.010		[-0.07, -0.03]		-0.11	-5.18		***
Residence	-0.19	0.02		[-0.24, -0.14]		-0.16	-8.06		***	0.07	0.03		[0.02, 0.12]		0.05	2.70		**
Marital Status	-0.02	0.02		[-0.05, 0.01]		-0.02	-1.05		.292	-0.02	0.01		[-0.05, -0.00]		-0.06	-2.25		**
Step 2
(Intercept)	2.99	0.09		[2.81, 3.17]		0.00	32.60		***	2.21	0.08		[2.05, 2.36]		0.00	27.35		***
Sex	-0.19	0.06		[-0.30, -0.08]		-0.07	-3.33		***	-0.05	0.03		[-0.11, 0.01]		-0.04	-1.67		.096
Age	-0.09	0.01		[-0.11, -0.07]		-0.17	-8.23		***	-0.04	0.01		[-0.06, -0.02]		-0.09	-4.14		***
Residence	-0.17	0.02		[-0.22, -0.13]		-0.14	-7.31		***	0.07	0.03		[0.02, 0.12]		0.06	2.85		**
Marital Status	-0.02	0.01		[-0.05, 0.01]		-0.02	-1.16		.248	-0.02	0.01		[-0.04, -0.00]		-0.05	-2.10		**
Self-Reported Memory Difficulty	-0.07	0.01		[-0.10, -0.04]		-0.10	-4.96		***	-0.07	0.02		[-0.11, -0.04]		-0.09	-4.23		***
Step 3
(Intercept)	2.46	0.37		[1.73, 3.18]		0.00	6.66		***	2.12	0.17		[1.78, 2.45]		0.00	12.38		***
Sex	-0.19	0.06		[-0.30, -0.08]		-0.07	-3.37		***	-0.07	0.03		[-0.13, -0.01]		-0.06	-2.27		**
Age	-0.09	0.01		[-0.11, -0.07]		-0.17	-8.17		***	-0.04	0.01		[-0.06, -0.02]		-0.09	-4.07		***
Residence	-0.19	0.02		[-0.24, -0.14]		-0.16	-7.96		***	0.08	0.03		[0.03, 0.13]		0.06	3.23		***
Marital Status	-0.02	0.01		[-0.05, 0.01]		-0.02	-1.20		.229	-0.02	0.01		[-0.04, -0.00]		-0.05	-2.04		**
Self-Reported Memory Difficulty	-0.08	0.01		[-0.11, -0.05]		-0.11	-5.44		***	-0.07	0.02		[-0.10, -0.03]		-0.08	-3.95		***
Tobacco Use	0.33	0.33		[-0.33, 0.98]		0.02	0.98		.325	-0.01	0.03		[-0.07, 0.05]		-0.00	-0.20		.844
Alcohol Use	0.15	0.22		[-0.28, 0.57]		0.01	0.67		.503	0.09	0.02		[0.04, 0.13]		0.07	3.48		***
Vegetables Per Day	0.06	0.01		[0.03, 0.09]		0.09	4.47		***	-0.26	0.13		[-0.52, 0.01]		-0.04	-1.90		.058
Fruits Per Day	0.00	0.05		[-0.09, 0.09]		0.00	0.01		.988	0.22	0.06		[0.11, 0.33]		0.08	3.94		***
Step 4
(Intercept)	1.93	0.77		[0.42, 3.44]		0.00	2.51		**	2.08	0.41		[1.28, 2.88]		0.00	5.11		***
Sex	-0.19	0.06		[-0.30, -0.08]		-0.07	-3.40		***	-0.07	0.03		[-0.13, -0.01]		-0.06	-2.26		**
Age	-0.08	0.01		[-0.11, -0.06]		-0.16	-7.76		***	-0.03	0.010		[-0.05, -0.01]		-0.07	-3.46		***
Residence	-0.19	0.02		[-0.24, -0.14]		-0.16	-7.78		***	0.07	0.03		[0.02, 0.12]		0.06	2.88		**
Marital Status	-0.02	0.01		[-0.05, 0.01]		-0.02	-1.18		.239	-0.02	0.01		[-0.04, -0.00]		-0.05	-2.00		**
Self-Reported Memory Difficulty	-0.07	0.01		[-0.10, -0.05]		-0.10	-5.02		***	-0.06	0.02		[-0.10, -0.03]		-0.07	-3.47		***
Tobacco Use	0.35	0.33		[-0.30, 1.01]		0.02	1.06		.291	-0.01	0.03		[-0.07, 0.05]		-0.01	-0.30		.762
Alcohol Use	0.14	0.22		[-0.29, 0.56]		0.01	0.63		.531	0.08	0.02		[0.03, 0.13]		0.06	3.13		**
Vegetables Per Day	0.06	0.01		[0.03, 0.09]		0.09	4.45		***	-0.25	0.13		[-0.51, 0.01]		-0.04	-1.86		.062
Fruits Per Day	-0.01	0.05		[-0.10, 0.09]		-0.01	-0.03		.977	0.20	0.05		[0.09, 0.31]		0.07	3.63		***
Chronic Lung Disease	0.01	0.04		[-0.06, 0.08]		0.01	0.27		.790	0.01	0.14		[-0.27, 0.30]		0.00	0.09		.931
Anxiety	0.07	0.02		[0.03, 0.12]		0.06	3.13		**	-0.10	0.02		[-0.13, -0.06]		-0.12	-5.91		***
Hypertension	0.00	0.03		[-0.05, 0.06]		0.00	0.13		.899	-0.05	0.04		[-0.12, 0.03]		-0.02	-1.14		.254
Diabetes	0.00	0.06		[-0.11, 0.12]		0.00	0.04		.967	0.04	0.07		[-0.10, 0.19]		0.01	0.56		.578
Depression	0.01	0.32		[-0.63, 0.64]		0.00	0.02		.987	-0.12	0.09		[-0.30, 0.06]		-0.03	-1.31		.191
Stroke	0.15	0.07		[0.02, 0.28]		0.05	2.30		**	0.22	0.07		[0.08, 0.36]		0.06	3.02		**
Step 5
(Intercept)	1.47	0.76		[-0.03, 2.96]		0.00	1.92		.055	1.84	0.41		[1.04, 2.65]		0.00	4.48		***
Sex	-0.14	0.06		[-0.25, -0.03]		-0.05	-2.47		***	-0.05	0.03		[-0.11, 0.01]		-0.04	-1.61		.107
Age	-0.06	0.01		[-0.08, -0.03]		-0.11	-4.94		***	-0.03	0.01		[-0.05, -0.01]		-0.06	-2.74		**
Residence	-0.10	0.03		[-0.16, -0.05]		-0.08	-3.78		***	0.10	0.03		[0.05, 0.15]		0.08	3.70		**
Marital Status	-0.01	0.01		[-0.04, 0.02]		-0.01	-0.61		.544	-0.02	0.01		[-0.04, 0.00]		-0.04	-1.75		.080
Self-Reported Memory Difficulty	-0.06	0.01		[-0.09, -0.03]		-0.08	-4.10		***	-0.06	0.02		[-0.09, -0.03]		-0.07	-3.42		***
Tobacco Use	0.36	0.33		[-0.29, 1.00]		0.02	1.08		.278	-0.02	0.03		[-0.08, 0.04]		-0.02	-0.76		.447
Alcohol Use	0.09	0.21		[-0.33, 0.51]		0.01	0.43		.667	0.08	0.02		[0.03, 0.12]		0.06	3.08		**
Vegetables Per Day	0.06	0.01		[0.03, 0.09]		0.09	4.55		***	-0.26	0.13		[-0.52, 0.00]		-0.04	-1.95		**
Fruits Per Day	-0.03	0.05		[-0.13, 0.06]		-0.01	-0.71		.476	0.21	0.05		[0.10, 0.31]		0.07	3.78		***
Chronic Lung Disease	0.00	0.04		[-0.07, 0.07]		0.001	0.05		.958	0.00	0.14		[-0.28, 0.28]		0.00007	0.00		.997
Anxiety	0.05	0.02		[0.01, 0.09]		0.04	2.24		**	-0.10	0.02		[-0.13, -0.06]		-0.12	-5.89		***
Hypertension	0.02	0.03		[-0.04, 0.08]		0.01	0.65		.514	-0.03	0.04		[-0.11, 0.05]		-0.01	-0.70		.485
Diabetes	0.02	0.06		[-0.09, 0.14]		0.007	0.38		.706	0.06	0.07		[-0.09, 0.20]		0.02	0.81		.420
Depression	-0.05	0.32		[-0.68, 0.58]		-0.003	-0.15		.879	-0.11	0.09		[-0.29, 0.06]		-0.02	-1.27		.204
Stroke	0.14	0.06		[0.01, 0.26]		0.04	2.15		**	0.23	0.07		[0.09, 0.37]		0.06	3.14		**
Education	0.05	0.01		[0.03, 0.07]		0.12	5.06		***	0.02	0.01		[0.00, 0.04]		0.04	1.98		**
Income Quintile	0.05	0.01		[0.03, 0.07]		0.12	5.61		***	0.02	0.01		[0.01, 0.04]		0.05	2.49		**
	*India*									*Russia*
Variable	B	SE		95% CI		β	t		p	B	SE		95% CI		β	t		p
Step 1
(Intercept)	8.88	0.19		[8.51, 9.25]		0.00	46.73		***	2.81	0.09		[2.65, 2.98]		0.00	32.97		***
Sex	-0.21	0.06		[-0.33, -0.08]		-0.07	-3.27		***	-0.00	0.03		[-0.06, 0.06]		-0.00	-0.03		.980
Age	-0.02	0.02		[-0.07, 0.02]		-0.02	-1.13		.258	-0.16	0.01		[-0.18, -0.13]		-0.28	-13.62		***
Residence	0.20	0.07		[0.06, 0.35]		0.05	2.76		**	-0.17	0.03		[-0.23, -0.11]		-0.11	-5.61		***
Marital Status	-0.07	0.03		[-0.12, -0.02]		-0.06	-2.63		**	-0.02	0.01		[-0.05, -0.00]		-0.05	-2.22		**
Step 2
(Intercept)	8.81	0.20		[8.42, 9.20]		0.00	44.18		***	2.94	0.09		[2.77, 3.12]		0.00	33.08		***
Sex	-0.22	0.06		[-0.35, -0.10]		-0.08	-3.45		***	0.01	0.03		[-0.05, 0.07]		0.01	0.24		.812
Age	-0.03	0.02		[-0.08, 0.01]		-0.03	-1.39		.164	-0.13	0.01		[-0.16, -0.11]		-0.24	-10.93		***
Residence	0.19	0.07		[0.05, 0.34]		0.05	2.65		**	-0.15	0.03		[-0.21, -0.09]		-0.10	-5.10		***
Marital Status	-0.07	0.03		[-0.12, -0.02]		-0.06	-2.63		**	-0.02	0.01		[-0.05, -0.00]		-0.05	-2.13		**
Self-Reported Memory Difficulty	0.05	0.04		[-0.03, 0.13]		0.03	1.25		.211	-0.11	0.02		[-0.15, -0.06]		-0.10	-4.91		***
Step 3
(Intercept)	8.46	0.46		[7.57, 9.36]		0.00	18.50		***	2.93	0.15		[2.64, 3.22]		0.00	19.79		***
Sex	-0.27	0.07		[-0.40, -0.14]		-0.09	-3.95		***	0.06	0.04		[-0.02, 0.13]		0.04	1.52		.130
Age	-0.03	0.02		[-0.08, 0.010]		-0.03	-1.54		.124	-0.13	0.01		[-0.15, -0.10]		-0.23	-10.41		***
Residence	0.20	0.07		[0.05, 0.34]		0.05	2.69		**	-0.15	0.03		[-0.21, -0.09]		-0.10	-4.96		***
Marital Status	-0.07	0.03		[-0.12, -0.02]		-0.06	-2.57		**	-0.02	0.01		[-0.05, -0.00]		-0.05	-2.10		**
Self-Reported Memory Difficulty	0.05	0.04		[-0.03, 0.13]		0.03	1.20		.229	-0.11	0.02		[-0.15, -0.07]		-0.10	-4.99		***
Tobacco Use										-0.06	0.04		[-0.13, 0.02]		-0.04	-1.53		.126
Alcohol Use	0.15	0.07		[0.01, 0.29]		0.05	2.16		**	-0.08	0.03		[-0.15, -0.02]		-0.05	-2.55		**
Vegetables Per Day	0.28	0.27		[-0.26, 0.82]		0.02	1.02		.307	0.02	0.11		[-0.20, 0.24]		0.00	0.20		.841
Fruits Per Day	-0.12	0.39		[-0.88, 0.63]		-0.01	-0.32		.752	0.08	0.12		[-0.16, 0.32]		0.01	0.66		.507
Step 4
(Intercept)	8.34	0.74		[6.89, 9.80]		0.00	11.26		***	2.23	0.27		[1.70, 2.76]		0.00	8.30		***
Sex	-0.29	0.07		[-0.42, -0.15]		-0.10	-4.13		***	0.07	0.04		[-0.00, 0.14]		0.05	1.90		.058
Age	-0.04	0.02		[-0.08, 0.01]		-0.04	-1.65		.099	-0.12	0.01		[-0.15, -0.10]		-0.22	-9.58		***
Residence	0.20	0.07		[0.06, 0.35]		0.06	2.75		**	-0.15	0.03		[-0.21, -0.09]		-0.10	-5.04		***
Marital Status	-0.07	0.03		[-0.12, -0.01]		-0.06	-2.52		**	-0.02	0.01		[-0.05, -0.00]		-0.05	-2.18		.029
Self-Reported Memory Difficulty	0.04	0.04		[-0.04, 0.13]		0.02	1.09		.276	-0.09	0.02		[-0.14, -0.05]		-0.09	-4.31		***
Tobacco Use										-0.06	0.04		[-0.14, 0.01]		-0.04	-1.64		.102
Alcohol Use	0.15	0.07		[0.01, 0.29]		0.05	2.17		**	-0.09	0.03		[-0.15, -0.02]		-0.05	-2.63		**
Vegetables Per Day	0.26	0.27		[-0.28, 0.80]		0.02	0.96		.338	0.01	0.11		[-0.20, 0.23]		0.00	0.13		.894
Fruits Per Day	-0.14	0.39		[-0.89, 0.62]		-0.007	-0.35		.723	0.08	0.12		[-0.16, 0.32]		0.01	0.66		.512
Chronic Lung Disease	0.09	0.14		[-0.18, 0.36]		0.01	0.66		.509	0.00	0.04		[-0.07, 0.07]		0.00	0.08		.936
Anxiety	0.02	0.04		[-0.06, 0.10]		0.009	0.43		.668	0.01	0.02		[-0.04, 0.06]		0.010	0.51		.611
Hypertension	-0.14	0.09		[-0.31, 0.03]		-0.03	-1.59		.111	0.05	0.03		[-0.01, 0.10]		0.03	1.55		.121
Diabetes	0.15	0.14		[-0.11, 0.42]		0.02	1.13		.260	-0.01	0.05		[-0.11, 0.09]		-0.00	-0.23		.819
Depression	-0.08	0.12		[-0.31, 0.16]		-0.01	-0.64		.520	0.15	0.07		[0.01, 0.29]		0.04	2.14		**
Stroke	0.04	0.20		[-0.36, 0.44]		0.004	0.20		.842	0.14	0.06		[0.01, 0.26]		0.04	2.15		**
Step 5
(Intercept)	7.57	0.75		[6.10, 9.05]		0.00	10.08		***	1.40	0.29		[0.84, 1.96]		0.00	4.90		***
Sex	-0.21	0.07		[-0.36, -0.07]		-0.07	-2.89		**	0.09	0.04		[0.02, 0.17]		0.06	2.56		**
Age	-0.04	0.02		[-0.09, 0.01]		-0.04	-1.77		.077	-0.09	0.01		[-0.12, -0.07]		-0.17	-7.25		***
Residence	0.32	0.08		[0.16, 0.47]		0.09	4.11		***	-0.12	0.03		[-0.18, -0.06]		-0.08	-3.90		***
Marital Status	-0.06	0.03		[-0.11, -0.00]		-0.05	-2.10		**	-0.01	0.01		[-0.03, 0.01]		-0.02	-0.92		.360
Self Reported Memory Difficulty	0.07	0.04		[-0.01, 0.15]		0.04	1.77		.077	-0.07	0.02		[-0.11, -0.02]		-0.06	-3.04		***
Tobacco Use										-0.08	0.04		[-0.15, -0.01]		-0.05	-2.19		**
Alcohol Use	0.13	0.07		[-0.01, 0.26]		0.04	1.84		.066	-0.06	0.03		[-0.13, -0.00]		-0.04	-2.02		**
Vegetables Per Day	0.27	0.27		[-0.26, 0.81]		0.02	1.00		.317	0.01	0.11		[-0.21, 0.22]		0.00	0.07		.947
Fruits Per Day	-0.19	0.38		[-0.94, 0.57]		-0.01	-0.49		.625	0.09	0.12		[-0.15, 0.32]		0.02	0.71		.480
Chronic Lung Disease	0.07	0.14		[-0.19, 0.34]		0.01	0.53		.593	-0.01	0.04		[-0.08, 0.06]		-0.01	-0.30		.767
Anxiety	-0.00	0.04		[-0.08, 0.08]		-0.00	-0.07		.947	0.01	0.02		[-0.04, 0.05]		0.01	0.25		.801
Hypertension	-0.09	0.09		[-0.26, 0.09]		-0.02	-0.99		.324	0.05	0.03		[-0.01, 0.10]		0.03	1.62		.106
Diabetes	0.21	0.14		[-0.06, 0.48]		0.03	1.56		.120	-0.00	0.05		[-0.10, 0.09]		-0.00	-0.09		.929
Depression	-0.07	0.12		[-0.31, 0.16]		-0.01	-0.63		.531	0.16	0.07		[0.02, 0.30]		0.04	2.30		**
Stroke	0.05	0.20		[-0.34, 0.44]		0.005	0.24		.808	0.14	0.06		[0.01, 0.26]		0.04	2.20		**
Education	0.06	0.02		[0.02, 0.11]		0.06	2.63		**	0.11	0.02		[0.08, 0.14]		0.15	6.92		***
Income Quintile	0.09	0.02		[0.04, 0.13]		0.08	3.65		***	0.03	0.01		[0.01, 0.05]		0.06	2.83		**
			*South Africa*
Variables			B		SE			95% CI				β		t			p
Step 1
(Intercept)			1.84		0.06			[1.72, 1.96]				0.00		29.29			***
Sex			-0.07		0.02			[-0.11, -0.02]				-0.06		-2.96			**
Age			-0.05		0.01			[-0.07, -0.04]				-0.12		-5.85			***
Residence			0.03		0.02			[-0.02, 0.07]				0.02		1.16			.247
Marital Status			-0.010		0.01			[-0.03, 0.01]				-0.03		-1.23			.217
Step 2
(Intercept)			2.00		0.07			[1.87, 2.13]				0.00		30.51			***
Sex			-0.05		0.02			[-0.10, -0.01]				-0.05		-2.48			**
Age			-0.04		0.01			[-0.06, -0.02]				-0.09		-4.18			***
Residence			0.04		0.02			[-0.00, 0.09]				0.04		1.79			.073
Marital Status			-0.01		0.01			[-0.02, 0.01]				-0.02		-1.13			.260
Self-Reported Memory Difficulty			-0.11		0.01			[-0.14, -0.08]				-0.16		-7.66			***
Step 3
(Intercept)			1.54		0.14			[1.26, 1.82]				0.00		10.85			***
Sex			-0.05		0.02			[-0.10, -0.01]				-0.05		-2.39			**
Age			-0.04		0.01			[-0.06, -0.02]				-0.09		-4.13			***
Residence			0.04		0.02			[-0.01, 0.08]				0.03		1.75			.081
Marital Status			-0.01		0.01			[-0.03, 0.01]				-0.03		-1.27			.205
Self-Reported Memory Difficulty			-0.11		0.01			[-0.14, -0.09]				-0.16		-7.98			***
Tobacco Use			-0.02		0.02			[-0.07, 0.03]				-0.02		-0.68			.498
Alcohol Use			0.02		0.03			[-0.04, 0.07]				0.01		0.65			.519
Vegetables Per Day			0.30		0.06			[0.18, 0.42]				0.09		4.75			***
Fruits Per Day			0.16		0.11			[-0.06, 0.38]				0.03		1.39			.166
Step 4
(Intercept)			2.13		0.25			[1.63, 2.63]				0.00		8.40			***
Sex			-0.06		0.02			[-0.10, -0.01]				-0.05		-2.49			**
Age			-0.04		0.01			[-0.06, -0.02]				-0.09		-4.20			***
Residence			0.05		0.02			[0.01, 0.09]				0.04		2.17			**
Marital Status			-0.01		0.008			[-0.03, 0.00]				-0.03		-1.41			.158
Self-Reported Memory Difficulty			-0.12		0.01			[-0.15, -0.09]				-0.17		-8.17			***
Tobacco Use			-0.02		0.02			[-0.07, 0.03]				-0.02		-0.75			.451
Alcohol Use			0.02		0.03			[-0.04, 0.07]				0.01		0.61			.543
Vegetables Per Day			0.29		0.06			[0.17, 0.41]				0.09		4.58			***
Fruits Per Day			0.15		0.11			[-0.07, 0.37]				0.03		1.34			.181
Chronic Lung Disease			-0.07		0.08			[-0.22, 0.09]				-0.02		-0.84			.402
Anxiety			0.008		0.02			[-0.03, 0.04]				0.009		0.46			.644
Hypertension			-0.01		0.02			[-0.06, 0.03]				-0.01		-0.57			.566
Diabetes			-0.06		0.04			[-0.13, 0.01]				-0.03		-1.62			.106
Depression			-0.11		0.05			[-0.21, -0.02]				-0.05		-2.27			**
Stroke			-0.04		0.06			[-0.15, 0.07]				-0.01		-0.75			.456
Step 5
(Intercept)			1.67		0.26			[1.17, 2.18]				0.00		6.51			***
Sex			-0.04		0.02			[-0.09, 0.00]				-0.04		-1.89			.059
Age			-0.04		0.01			[-0.06, -0.02]				-0.09		-4.04			***
Residence			0.11		0.02			[0.07, 0.16]				0.10		4.70			***
Marital Status			-0.01		0.01			[-0.02, 0.01]				-0.03		-1.19			.234
Self-Reported Memory Difficulty			-0.09		0.01			[-0.12, -0.06]				-0.12		-5.92			***
Tobacco Use			-0.03		0.02			[-0.08, 0.01]				-0.03		-1.38			.169
Alcohol Use			0.01		0.03			[-0.05, 0.06]				0.005		0.21			.837
Vegetables Per Day			0.27		0.06			[0.15, 0.40]				0.09		4.35			***
Fruits Per Day			0.18		0.11			[-0.04, 0.40]				0.03		1.59			.111
Chronic Lung Disease			-0.07		0.08			[-0.22, 0.08]				-0.02		-0.89			.373
Anxiety			0.01		0.02			[-0.02, 0.04]				0.01		0.52			.604
Hypertension			-0.01		0.02			[-0.05, 0.04]				-0.005		-0.22			.824
Diabetes			-0.04		0.04			[-0.11, 0.03]				-0.02		-1.05			.293
Depression			-0.09		0.05			[-0.19, 0.01]				-0.04		-1.85			.064
Stroke			-0.04		0.06			[-0.15, 0.07]				-0.01		-0.74			.458
Education			0.02		0.01			[0.00, 0.04]				0.05		2.28			**
Income Quintile			0.06		0.01			[0.04, 0.07]				0.15		6.44			***

^*** p < .01, ** p < .05

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