Table 1 Sample profile of the study population based on NFHS-5, 2019-21 in southern states of India

Place of residence

Urban

9,416

42.0

[41.8, 42.3]

Rural

12,987

58.0

[57.7, 58.2]

Education level (years)

Less than 10

7,032

31.4

[30.7, 32.1]

10 and above

15,371

68.6

[67.9, 69.3]

Social group

Scheduled Caste (SC)

4,862

21.7

[21.1, 22.4]

Scheduled Tribe (ST)

1,651

7.4

[7.0, 7.8]

Other Backward Class (OBC)

13,051

58.3

[57.5, 59.0]

Others

2,839

12.7

[12.2, 13.2]

Household size

Less than 5

8,279

37.0

[36.2, 37.7]

5 and above

14,124

63.1

[62.3, 63.8]

Place of delivery

Public health facility

13,080

58.4

[57.6, 59.2]

Private health facility

9,323

41.6

[40.8, 42.4]

Level of care at health centres

Sub-centres/PHC/UHC/Others^a

2,683

11.9

[11.5, 12.5]

Government/Municipal/Rural Hospital

10,398

46.4

[45.6, 47.2]

Private health facility

9,323

41.6

[41.9, 42.4]

Number of ANC visits

Less than 4

4,800

21.4

[21.2, 22.5]

4 and more

17,190

76.7

[77.5, 78.8]