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Table 3 Binary Logistic Regression of the Relationship Between Intergenerational Transmission of Intimate Partner Violence and Lifetime Intimate Partner Violence and Controlling for respondents’ Demographic and Socioeconomic Characteristics

From: Is intimate partner violence vertically transmitted among women in sub-Saharan Africa? Evidence from demographic health surveys between 2010 and 2019

 

Model 1

Model 2

Model 3

Any Form of Spousal Violence

cOR [95% CI]

aOR [95% CI]

aOR [95% CI]

Intergenerational Transfer of Spousal Violence (Mother also experienced spousal violence)

No [ref.]

   

Yes

2.66 *** [2.59–2.74]

2.56 *** [2.48–2.63]

2.06 *** [1.82–2.33]

Age

   

15–24 [ref]

   

25–34

 

1.24 *** [1.20–1.29]

1.26 *** [1.21–1.30]

35+

 

1.18 *** [ 1.13–1.22]

1.19 *** [ 1.14–1.23]

Highest Level of Education

   

No Education [ref.]

   

Primary

 

1.10 *** [1.06–1.14]

1.11 *** [1.06–1.15]

Secondary

 

1.09 *** [1.04–1.14]

1.05 *** [1.01–1.11]

Higher

 

0.78 *** [0.71–0.86]

0.77 *** [[0.69–0.84]

Partner’s Highest Level of Education

   

No Education [ref.]

   

Primary

 

1.21 *** [1.16–1.26]

1.17 *** [1.12–1.22]

Secondary

 

1.19 *** [1.14–1.25]

1.08 *** [1.03–1.13]

Higher

 

0.95 [0.88–1.02]

0.85 *** [0.79–0.92]

Age at first marriage

   

< 18 [ref.]

   

18+

 

0.86 *** [0.84–0.89]

0.86 *** [0.83–0.88]

Household Wealth Index

   

Poorest [ref.]

   

Poorer

 

0.94 ** [0.90–0.98]

0.95 *** [0.92–0.99]

Middle

 

0.87 *** [0.84–0.91]

0.90 *** [0.86–0.94]

Richer

 

0.79 *** [0.76–0.83]

0.83 *** [0.79–0.87]

Richest

 

0.67 *** [0.63–0.71]

0.72 *** [0.67–0.76]

Type of Place of Residence

   

Urban [ref.]

   

Rural

 

0.87 *** [0.84–0.90]

0.88 *** [0.85–0.91]

Type of Marriage

   

Monogamy [ref.]

   

Polygamy

 

1.36 *** [1.31–1.41]

1.31 *** [1.26–1.36]

Work Status

   

Not Working [ref.]

   

Working

 

1.51 *** [1.47–1.56]

1.35 *** [1.31–1.40]

Level of Mass Media Exposure

   

No Exposure [ref.]

   

Low Exposure

 

1.15 *** [1.12–1.19]

1.18 *** [1.14–1.22]

High Exposure

 

1.08 *** [1.03–1.13]

1.16 *** [1.11–1.22]

Sex of Household Head

   

Male [ref.]

   

Female

 

0.88 *** [0.84–0.91]

0.91 *** [0.88–0.95]

Mother experienced IPV & Country

   

Yes*Benin

  

1.32 *** [1.03–1.70]

Yes*Burundi

  

0.94 [0.80–1.11]

Yes*Congo DR

  

1.04 [0.87–1.23]

Yes*Cameroon

  

1.42 *** [1.16–1.73]

Yes*Ethiopia

  

1.32*** [1.09–1.61]

Yes*Gabon

  

1.15 [0.94–1.41]

Yes*Gambia

  

1.46 *** [1.06–2.00]

Yes*Kenya

  

1.04 [0.87–1.25]

Yes*Comoros

  

0.97 [0.53–1.75]

Yes*Liberia

  

0.93 [0.72–1.19]

Yes*Madagascar

  

1.56 *** [1.25–1.93]

Yes*Mali

  

1.66 *** [1.23–2.24]

Yes*Mauritania

  

2.29 *** [1.30–4.03]

Yes*Malawi

  

0.88 [0.73–1.06]

Yes*Mozambique

  

1.22 *** [1.01–1.48]

Yes*Nigeria

  

1.83 *** [1.49–2.24]

Yes*Namibia

  

1.15 [0.84–1.59]

Yes*Rwanda

  

0.97 [0.76–1.24]

Yes*Sierra Leone

  

1.23 [0.99–1.51]

Yes*Senegal

  

1.99 *** [1.01–3.91]

Yes*Chad

  

2.46 *** [1.93–3.15]

Yes*Togo

  

1.24 ***[1.02–1.51]

Yes*Tanzania

  

1.44*** [1.22–1.70]

Yes*Uganda

  

1.06 [0.90–1.25]

Yes*Zambia

  

1.12 [0.94–1.32]

Yes*Zimbabwe

  

0.97 [0.81–1.16]

  1. CI = Confidence Interval; cOR = Crude Odds Ratio; aOR = Adjusted Odds Ratio; ref = Reference; ***=p < 0.05
  2. Model 1 showed the uncontrolled or unadjusted relationship between the Intergenerational Transfer of Intimate Partner Violence and the lifetime experience of intimate partner violence
  3. Model 2 controlled for covariates such as age, the highest level of education of both the women and their partners, age at first marriage, household wealth index, the type of place of residence, type of marriage, work status, level of exposure to mass media, sex of the head of household, and country of residence
  4. Model 3 controlled for covariates such as age, the highest level of education of both the women and their partners, age at first marriage, household wealth index, the type of place of residence, type of marriage, work status, level of exposure to mass media, sex of the head of household, and interaction of Intergenerational Transfer of Intimate Partner Violence and country of residence