Table 1 Thailand: Characteristics across three public health security schemes, 2020
Characteristics | CSMBS (1980) | Â | SSS (1990) | Â | UCS (2002) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Scheme nature | Fringe benefit | Â | Compulsory contribution | Â | Social welfare |
Target group | 9%, government employee, pensioners, dependents | Â | 19%, formal workers (Article 33) and informal workers (Article 39), excluding dependents | Â | 71%, people who are not covered by CSMBS and SSS |
Financing sources | General tax revenue | Â | Tripartite, 4.5% payroll, 1.5% each | Â | General tax revenue |
Expenditure per capita (1) | 12,676 Baht (US$ 384) (in 2017) | Â | 3,355 Baht (US$ 102) (in 2017) | Â | 3,600 Baht (US$ 109) (in 2020) (2) |
Providers | Public and private providers | Â | Competing public, private hospitals (60% in the private sector) | Â | Mostly (94%) public network, typical District Health System (DHS) (district hospitals and health centers) |
Provider payment | OP: Fee-for-service IP: diagnostic-related groups (DRG) with multiple cost bands | Â | OP: Capitation IP: DRG within global budget | Â | OP and health promotion and prevention: Capitation (age adjusted) IP: DRG within global budget Fee schedule for specific high-cost procedures |
Benefit package | Comprehensive with no explicit exclusion list, private bed covered | Â | Comprehensive with a small exclusion list: OP, IP, accident and emergency, high-cost care | Â | Comprehensive with a small exclusion list: similar to SSS; including clinical prevention and health promotion (Note: health promotion and prevention cover all Thai population in every scheme) |