Table 2 Summary of studies included

Allen 2016 [30]

Australia

Mixed methods

Young mothers

Midwifery models

Experience/ Satisfaction; Antenatal care coverage; Access to care; Quality of care

^b

Alliman 2019 [31]

USA

Qualitative research

Socially isolated women; Those living in poverty/ deprivation/ who are homeless; Unsupported mothers; Ethnic minorities

Midwife models

Experience/ Satisfaction; Family planning; Breastfeeding; Low birth weight; Preterm birth; Analgesia use; Mode of birth; Access to care

^a

Alvarado 1999 [32]

Chile

Mixed methods

Those living in poverty/ deprivation/ who are homeless

Interdisciplinary care

Maternal mortality

Experience/ Satisfaction; Family planning; Breastfeeding; Access to care

^e

Balaam 2018 [10]

UK

Qualitative research

Socially isolated women; Unsupported mothers; Women who are subject of safeguarding concerns

Midwifery models

Experience/Satisfaction

^a

Barkauskas 2002 [33]

USA

Non-randomised studies

Socially isolated women;

Those living in poverty/ deprivation/ who are homeless; Unsupported mothers; Women with substance and/or alcohol abuse issues

Midwifery models

Breastfeeding; Low birth weight; Preterm birth; Mode of birth

^c

Bertilone, 2015 [34]

Australia

Non-randomised studies

Those living in poverty/ deprivation/ who are homeless; Young mothers; Ethnic minorities

Midwifery models

Low birth weight; Preterm birth; Mode of birth; Access to care

^b

Blanchette 1995 [35]

USA

Non-randomised studies

Those living in poverty/ deprivation/ who are homeless; Women with substance and/or alcohol abuse issues; Ethnic minorities; Other: Low income uninsured and underinsured women in the USA

Midwifery models

Perinatal mortality

Low birth weight; Preterm birth; Analgesia use; Mode of birth; Access to care

^d

Campbell 2004 [36]

Australia

Non-randomised studies

Ethnic minorities

Midwifery models; Community-centred

Experience/ Satisfaction; Breastfeeding; Access to care; Quality of care

^b

Cunningham 2017 [37]

USA

Randomised controlled trial

Young mothers; Ethnic minorities

Midwifery models

Experience/Satisfaction; Antenatal care coverage

^d

Filby 2019 [42[

UK

Qualitative research

Ethnic minorities

Midwifery models

Experience/Satisfaction; Antenatal care coverage; Quality of care

^a

Grady 2004 [38]

USA

Non-randomised studies

Young mothers; Ethnic minorities

Midwifery models

Experience/ Satisfaction; Breastfeeding; Low birth weight; Preterm birth; Mode of birth; Antenatal care coverage; Access to care

^d

Homer 2012 [39]

Australia

Mixed methods

Ethnic minorities

Midwifery models

Perinatal mortality

Experience/ Satisfaction; Breastfeeding; Low birth weight; Preterm birth; Mode of birth; Access to care

^a

Ip 2015 [40]

Hong Kong

Non-randomised studies

Socially isolated women

Young mothers; Unsupported mothers; Women with substance and/or alcohol abuse issues

Interdisciplinary care

Experience/Satisfaction

^a

Jan 2004 [41]

Australia

Mixed methods

Socially isolated women; Those living in poverty/ deprivation/ who are homeless; Unsupported mothers; Ethnic minorities

Midwifery models; Community-centred

Perinatal mortality

Experience/ Satisfaction; Low birth weight; Antenatal care coverage; Access to care

^b

Jones 2021 [42]

UK

Quantitative descriptive

Those living in poverty/ deprivation/ who are homeless; Young mothers; Unsupported mothers; Women with substance and/or alcohol abuse issues

Midwifery models; Interdisciplinary care

Breastfeeding; Antenatal coverage; Access to care

^c

Kildea 2012 [43]

Australia

Mixed methods

Ethnic minorities

Midwifery models; Interdisciplinary care; Community-centred

Experience/Satisfaction; Breastfeeding; Low birth weight; Preterm birth; Analgesia use; Mode of birth; Antenatal care coverage; Access to care; Quality of care

^a

Kildea 2019 [44]

Australia

Non-randomised studies

Socially isolated women; Ethnic minorities

Midwifery models

Preterm birth; Antenatal care coverage; Access to care

^a

Kildea 2021 [45]

Australia

Non-randomised studies

Ethnic minorities

Midwifery models; Community-centred

Breastfeeding; Low birth weight; Preterm birth; Analgesia use; Mode of birth; Antenatal coverage; Access to care

^a

Klerman 2001 [46]

USA

Randomised controlled trial

Ethnic minorities; Other: Medicaid women (low income families)

Midwifery models

Experience/Satisfaction; Low birth weight; Preterm birth; Mode of birth; Antenatal care coverage; Quality of care

^c

Lack 2016 [47]

Australia

Quantitative descriptive studies

Women who have been victims of female genital mutilation; Ethnic minorities; Other: Most communities are socio-economic disadvantaged and housing and infrastructure managed by government

Midwifery models

Perinatal mortality

Low birth weight; Preterm birth; Mode of birth; Antenatal care coverage; Access to care

^b

Lenaway 1995

USA

Non-randomised studies

Those living in poverty/ deprivation/ who are homeless; Other: recipients of Medicaid or the Colorado Indigent Care Program

Midwifery models

Low birth weight; Preterm birth; Mode of birth; Access to care

^b

Liu 2017 [48]

USA

Mixed methods

Socially isolated women; Those living in poverty/ deprivation/ who are homeless; Non-native language speakers; Ethnic minorities

Midwifery models

Experience/Satisfaction

^d

Madeira 2019 [49]

USA

Mixed methods

Non-native language speakers; Ethnic minorities

Midwifery models

Experience/Satisfaction

^b

Malebranche 2020 [50]

Canada

Non-randomised studies

Refugees/asylum seekers

Interdisciplinary care

Low birth weight; Preterm birth; Mode of birth; Antenatal care coverage; Quality of care

^a

McAree 2010 [51]

UK

Qualitative research

Ethnic minorities

Midwifery models

Experience/Satisfaction

^a

Mersky 2021

USA

Randomised controlled trial

Those living in poverty/ deprivation/ who are homeless

Community-centred

Breastfeeding

^d

Middleton 2017 [52]

Australia

Mixed methods

Those living in poverty/ deprivation/ who are homeless; Young mothers; Unsupported mothers; Ethnic minorities

Midwifery models; Community-centred

Experience/ Satisfaction; Breastfeeding; Low birth weight; Preterm birth; Antenatal care coverage; Access to care

^a

Morris 2012 [53]

Australia

Qualitative research

Women with substance and/or alcohol abuse issues

Interdisciplinary care

Experience/Satisfaction

^a

Nel 2003 [54]

Australia

Quantitative descriptive studies

Socially isolated women; Those living in poverty/ deprivation/ who are homeless; Ethnic minorities

Midwifery models

Maternal mortality

Antenatal care coverage

^e

Owens 2016 [55]

Australia

Qualitative research

Refugees/asylum seekers; Non-native language speakers; Ethnic minorities

Midwifery models; Community-centred

Experience/Satisfaction

^a

Panaretto 2005

Australia

Non-randomised studies

Ethnic minorities

Midwifery models; Community-centred

Perinatal mortality

Low birth weight; Preterm birth; Antenatal care coverage; Access to care; Quality of care

^c

Piechnik 1985 [56]

USA

Non-randomised studies

Those living in poverty/ deprivation/ who are homeless; Young mothers; Ethnic minorities

Interdisciplinary care

Maternal mortality; Perinatal mortality

Family planning; Breastfeeding; Immunisation; Mode of birth

^c

Quelly 2021 [57]

USA

Quantitative descriptive studies

Those living in poverty/ deprivation/ who are homeless; Other: recipients of Medicaid

Interdisciplinary care

Low birth weight; preterm birth; Antenatal coverage; Access to care

^d

Quinlivan 2003 [58]

Australia

Randomised controlled trial

Socially isolated women; Those living in poverty/ deprivation/ who are homeless; Young mothers; Women with substance and/or alcohol abuse issues; Ethnic minorities

Midwifery models

Perinatal mortality

Family planning; Breastfeeding; Immunisation; Mode of birth; Access to care

^c

Reeve 2016 [59]

Australia

Non-randomised studies

Those living in poverty/ deprivation/ who are homeless; Ethnic minorities

Midwifery models; Interdisciplinary care; Community-centred

Perinatal mortality

Low birth weight; Preterm birth; Mode of birth; Antenatal care coverage; Access to care

^c

Reguero 1994 [60]

USA

Quantitative descriptive studies

Those living in poverty/ deprivation/ who are homeless; Women with substance and/or alcohol abuse issues; Ethnic minorities

Interdisciplinary care; Community-centred

Infant mortality

^d

Robertson 2009 [61]

USA

Non-randomised studies

Ethnic minorities

Midwifery models

Experience/ Satisfaction; Breastfeeding; Preterm births; Mode of birth

^e

Ross 1981 [62]

USA

Quantitative descriptive studies

Ethnic minorities; Other: Indian American tribe

Midwifery models

Perinatal mortality

Preterm birth; Antenatal care coverage; Access to care

^d

Rutman 2020 [63]

Canada

Mixed methods

Socially isolated women; Those living in poverty/ deprivation/ who are homeless; Victims of abuse; Young mothers; Women with substance and/or alcohol abuse issues

Interdisciplinary care

Experience/ Satisfaction; Access to care

^e

Smoke 1988 [64]

USA

Non-randomised studies

Young mothers

Midwifery models; Interdisciplinary care

Family planning; Breastfeeding; Low birth weight; Preterm birth; Analgesia use; Mode of birth; Antenatal care coverage; Access to care

^a

Stapleton 2013 [65]

Australia

Mixed methods

Socially isolated women; Refugees/asylum seekers; Non-native language speakers; Ethnic minorities

Midwifery models; Interdisciplinary care

Experience/ Satisfaction; Breastfeeding; Preterm birth; Mode of birth

^d

Tandon 2013 [66]

USA

Non-randomised studies

Non-native language speakers; Ethnic minorities

Midwifery models

Experience/ Satisfaction; Antenatal care coverage

^b

Trudnak 2017

USA

Non-randomised studies

Non-native language speakers; Ethnic minorities

Midwifery models

Breastfeeding; Low birth weight; Preterm birth; Mode of birth; Access to care

^b

Turner 2000 [67]

USA

Quantitative descriptive studies

Women who are HIV positive

Interdisciplinary care

Experience/Satisfaction; Low birth weight; Preterm birth; Access to care; Quality of care

^c

Wiggins 2005 [68]

UK

Randomised controlled trial

Those living in poverty/ deprivation/ who are homeless; Non-native language speakers

Midwifery models

Experience/ Satisfaction; Breastfeeding; Antenatal care coverage; Access to care

^c

Wong 2011 [69]

Australia

Quantitative descriptive studies

Ethnic minorities

Midwifery models

Perinatal mortality; Infant mortality

Low birth weight; Preterm birth; Mode of birth; Antenatal care coverage; Access to care

^a