When social identities intersect: understanding inequities in growth outcomes by religion- caste and religion-tribe as intersecting strata of social hierarchy for Muslim and Hindu children in India

Chatterjee, Pritha; Chen, Jarvis; Yousafzai, Aisha; Kawachi, Ichiro; Subramanian, S. V.

doi:10.1186/s12939-023-01917-3

International Journal for Equity in Health

Table 3 Predicted percentage prevalence of stunting, underweight and wasting within strata of religion across waves of National Family Health Surveys. These estimates are adjusted for household wealth, mother's education, mother’s height (for stunting and wasting), mother’s weight (for underweight and wasting), child’s age, child's sex, urbanicity. We also use state and district fixed effects, and included each NFHS survey wave as a fixed effect to control for all state invariant factors that may vary over time

From: When social identities intersect: understanding inequities in growth outcomes by religion- caste and religion-tribe as intersecting strata of social hierarchy for Muslim and Hindu children in India

A) Stunting
NFHS	Caste	Hindu % Prevalence (95% CI)	Muslim % Prevalence (95% CI)
NFHS 1—5	Other	34.7 [33.8, 35.7]	39.2 [38, 40.5]
	Other Backward Class	38.2 [37.1, 39.3]	39.6 [38.3, 41]
	Scheduled Caste	39.5 [38.2, 40.8]	38.5 [35.1, 42.3]
	Scheduled Tribe	40.6 [39.4, 41.9]	39.7 [37.2, 42.4]
B) Underweight
NFHS	Caste	Hindu % Prevalence (95% CI)	Muslim % Prevalence (95% CI)
NFHS 1	Other	46.3 [42.4, 50.5]	47.9 [43.6, 52.6]
	Other Backward Class
	Scheduled Caste	49.5 [44.9, 54.5]	48 [33.6, 68.5]
	Scheduled Tribe	46.8 [41.9, 52.3]	44.2 [16.6, 117.8]
NFHS 2	Other	34.5 [31, 38.5]	39.4 [35.1, 44.1]
	Other Backward Class	36.8 [30, 38]	40.2 [34.7, 46.5]
	Scheduled Caste	38.9 [34.8, 43.5]	40.8 [29.8, 55.9]
	Scheduled Tribe	39.4 [34.8, 44.6]	37 [23.4, 58.7]
NFHS 3	Other	32.5 [29.9, 35.2]	36.6 [33.6, 39.8]
	Other Backward Class	35.2 [32.6, 38]	35.3 [32.3, 38.6]
	Scheduled Caste	37.2 [34.3, 40.3]	41 [33, 50.9]
	Scheduled Tribe	35.9 [32.7, 39.3]	33 [20.9, 52]
NFHS 4	Other	25.6 [24.6, 26.6]	30.6 [29.3, 32]
	Other Backward Class	28.5 [27.5, 29.5]	30.1 [28.8, 31.3]
	Scheduled Caste	29.7 [28.6, 30.9]	28.7 [26.1, 31.6]
	Scheduled Tribe	29.5 [28.2, 30.8]	31.6 [27.9, 35.8]
NFHS 5	Other	24.3 [23.4, 25.3]	28 [26.7, 29.3]
	Other Backward Class	26.9 [25.9, 27.9]	29.2 [28, 30.5]
	Scheduled Caste	28.3 [27.2, 29.4]	30.1 [27.4, 33.1]
	Scheduled Tribe	27.5 [26.3, 28.8]	26.2 [22.5, 30.5]
NFHS	Caste	Hindu Prevalence [95% CI]	Muslim Prevalence [95% CI]
NFHS 1—5	Other	32.8 [31.9, 33.7]	35.3 [34.2, 36.4]
	Other Backward Class	35.9 [34.9, 37]	36.9 [35.7, 38.1]
	Scheduled Caste	39.1 [37.8, 40.4]	36.9 [33.5, 40.6]
	Scheduled Tribe	37.9 [36.8, 39]	38.2 [35.8, 40.8]
NFHS	Caste	Hindu Prevalence [95% CI]	Muslim Prevalence [95% CI]
NFHS 1	Other	44.1 [40.9, 47.5]	45.8 [42.3, 49.6]
	Other Backward Class
	Scheduled Caste	46 [42.3, 49.9]	44.5 [32.5, 60.8]
	Scheduled Tribe	44.8 [40.9, 49.1]	35.7 [16.8, 75.9]
NFHS 2	Other	27.5 [24.7, 30.6]	32.3 [28.8, 36.2]
	Other Backward Class	31.1 [27.9, 34.7]	32.9 [28.5, 38]
	Scheduled Caste	32.2 [28.8, 36]	32.1 [23.2, 44.3]
	Scheduled Tribe	32.7 [28.9, 37]	28.2 [17.3, 45.9]
NFHS 3	Other	22.6 [20.6, 24.7]	24 [21.8, 26.4]
	Other Backward Class	24.7 [22.6, 26.8]	24.4 [22.1, 26.9]
	Scheduled Caste	26.7 [24.5, 29.2]	28.6 [22.6, 36.2]
	Scheduled Tribe	27.4 [24.8, 30.2]	28 [17.3, 45.6]
NFHS 4	Other	21.6 [20.8, 22.5]	23.7 [22.6, 24.8]
	Other Backward Class	23.7 [22.8, 24.6]	24.6 [23.6, 25.7]
	Scheduled Caste	24.6 [23.7, 25.6]	24.9 [22.6, 27.4]
	Scheduled Tribe	26.3 [25.1, 27.5]	25.6 [22.4, 29.3]
NFHS 5	Other	19.3 [18.5, 20.1]	21.4 [20.4, 22.4]
	Other Backward Class	21.6 [20.8, 22.5]	23.3 [22.3, 24.4]
	Scheduled Caste	22.6 [21.7, 23.5]	24.6 [22.3, 27.1]
NFHS 5	Scheduled Tribe	23.5 [22.4, 24.6]	23.5 [20.2, 27.3]
C) Wasting
NFHS	Caste	Hindu Prevalence [95%CI]	Muslim Prevalence [95%CI]
NFHS 1—5	Other	11.4 [11, 11.9]	11.6 [11.1, 12.2]
	Other Backward Class	12.4 [11.8, 12.9]	12.6 [12, 13.2]
	Scheduled Caste	14.1 [13.5, 14.9]	13 [11.4, 14.8]
	Scheduled Tribe	12.6 [12.1, 13.2]	12.2 [11.1, 13.4]
NFHS	Caste	Hindu Prevalence [95%CI]	Muslim Prevalence [95%CI]
NFHS 1	Other	16.2 [14, 18.8]	16.8 [14.4, 19.7]
	Other Backward Class
	Scheduled Caste	17.4 [14.7, 20.5]	19.8 [11.1, 35.3]
	Scheduled Tribe	20.3 [16.9, 24.3]	3.6 [0.1, 104.2]
NFHS 2	Other	7.2 [5.9, 8.7]	7.5 [6.1, 9.2]
	Other Backward Class	8 [6.6, 9.7]	8.1 [6.3, 10.4]
	Scheduled Caste	7.8 [6.4, 9.6]	6.5 [3.3, 12.5]
	Scheduled Tribe	9.2 [7.4, 11.4]	9.2 [4.1, 20.8]
NFHS 3	Other	11 [9.7, 12.5]	11.2 [9.8, 12.9]
	Other Backward Class	11.4 [10.1, 12.9]	11.2 [9.7, 12.9]
	Scheduled Caste	12.3 [10.8, 13.9]	13.5 [9.4, 19.2]
	Scheduled Tribe	13.7 [11.9, 15.7]	14.3 [7.4, 27.5]
NFHS 4	Other	14.7 [14, 15.5]	14.3 [13.5, 15.2]
	Other Backward Class	15.4 [14.7, 16.1]	15.1 [14.3, 16]
	Scheduled Caste	15.4 [14.7, 16.2]	13.5 [11.7, 15.6]
	Scheduled Tribe	17.6 [16.6, 18.6]	16.9 [14.2, 20.1]
NFHS 5	Other	14 [13.3, 14.8]	14.5 [13.6, 15.4]
	Other Backward Class	15.5 [14.8, 16.3]	16.4 [15.5, 17.4]
NFHS 5	Scheduled Caste	16 [15.2, 16.8]	16.9 [14.8, 19.3]
	Scheduled Tribe	17.3 [16.3, 18.4]	16.7 [13.7, 20.4]

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