Table 1 Core concepts used and illustrated in the diagrams

Mannell [46]

Gender equality as instrumental for development

Gender equality is constructed as instrumental to development objectives and economic gains

Gender equality as women’s rights and empowerment

Gender equality is constructed as equal participation of women in social, political and legal process

Gender equality as relations of power requiring personal transformation

Gender equality is constructed as being about social and power relations between men and women and embedded in the social norms and institutions

Fraser [45]

Concepts of recognition and redistribution

Social justice as two separate but interrelated approaches:

Recognition justice is one associated with the recognition of difference between social identities and groups (e.g., in terms of race, gender, class etc.)

Redistribution justice is associated with strategies that attempt to have a more equitable distribution of resources (e.g., economic, material and political)