Table 2 Outcomes for 34 indicators comparing baseline knowledge, practice and coverage (KPC) results with endline results in Areas A and B of the Curamericas/Guatemala Maternal and Child Health Project, 2011–2015, with difference-in-differences analysis of changes from baseline to endline to test the hypothesis of whether the improvements in coverage were greater in Area A than in Area B

*At least 4 quality antenatal care checks by a skilled provider (doctor, nurse, nurse-midwife) during most recent pregnancy

13.4%

(40/299)

(9.5, 17.3%)

65.0%

(195/300)

(59.5, 70.5%)

51.6%

(44.8, 58.4%)

< 0.001

6.3%

(19/300)

(3.5, 9.1%)

53.3%

(160/300)

(47.6, 59.1%)

47.0%

(40.6, 53.4%)

< 0.001

+ 4.6%

0.321

No

*Tetanus toxoid immunization during most recent pregnancy

63.2%

(189/299)

(57.6, 68.8%)

67.7%

(203/300)

(62.3, 73.1%)

4.5%

(−3.3, 12.2%)

0.25

63.0%

(189/300)

(55.7, 67.0%)

62.3%

(187/300)

(56.7, 67.9%)

−.07%

(−6.9, 8.9%)

0.80

+ 5.2%

0.355

No

*Iron/folate for at least 90 days during most recent pregnancy

21.7%

(65/299)

(17.0, 26.5%)

64.3%

(193/300)

(58.8, 69.9%)

42.6%

(35.3, 49.9%)

< 0.001

10.0%

(30/300)

(6.5, 13.5%)

26.3%

(79/300)

(21.2, 31.4%)

16.3%

(10,2, 22.5%)

< 0.001

+ 26.3%

< 0.001

Yes

Knowledge of at least 2 danger signs during pregnancy

22.1%

(66/299)

(17.3, 26.9%)

78.3%

(235/300)

(73.6, 83.1%)

56.2%

(49.5, 63.0%)

< 0.001

21.3%

(64/300)

(16.6, 26.1%)

66.3%

(199/300)

(60.9, 71.8%)

45.0%

(37.8%, 52..2%)

< 0.001

+ 11.2%

0.023

Yes

13.4%

(40/299)

(9.5, 17.3%)

66.3%

(199/300)

(60.9, 71.8%)

53.0%

(46.2, 59.7%)

< 0.001

13.3%

(40/300)

(9.4, 17.3%)

53.7%

(161/300)

(47.9, 59.4%)

40.3%

(33.4, 47.3%)

< 0.001

+ 12.5%

0.009

Yes

29.4%

(88/299)

(24.2, 34.7%)

44.7%

(134/300)

(38.9, 50.4%)

15.2%

(7.4, 23.0%)

< 0.001

37.0%

(111/300)

(31.4, 42.6%)

52.7%

(158/300)

(46.9, 58.4%)

15.7%

(7.6 23.7%)

< 0.001

−0.4%

1.0

No

Children 0- < 24 months of age whose births were attended by a skilled health worker (doctor, nurse, nurse-midwife)

15.4%

(46/299)

(11.2, 19.6%)

29.3%

(88/300)

(24.1, 34.6%)

14.0%

(7.2, 20.7%)

< 0.001

6.0%

(18/300)

(3.3, 8.7%)

13.7%

(41/300)

(9.7, 17.6%)

7.7%

(2.8, 12.5%)

0.001

+ 6.2%

0.12

No

Births among children 0- < 24 months of age attended by a comadrona at home

77.6%

232/299

(72.8, 82.4%)

71.3%

214/300

(66.1, 76.6%)

−6.3%

(−13.4, 0.8%)

0.078

85.3%

256/300

(81.2, 89.4%)

71.3%

214/300

(66.1, 76.6%)

−14.0%

(−20.6, −7.4%)

< 0.001

+ 7.7%

0.11

No

Births that took place in a health facility (hospital, clinic, or Birthing Center)

16.4%

(49/299)

(12.1, 20.7%)

28.7%

(86/300)

(23.4, 33.9%)

12.3%

(5.5, 19.0%)

< 0.001

6.7%

(20/300)

(3.8%, 9,5%)

13.0%

(39/300)

(9.1, 16.9%)

6.3%

(1.5, 11.2%)

0.009

+ 6.0%

0.152

No

Births receiving active management of third stage of labor (AMTSL) during the most recent delivery^b

9.4%

(28/299)

(6.0, 12.7%)

20.0%

(60/300)

(15.4, 24.6%)

10.6%

(4.9, 16.4%)

< 0.001

7.0%

(21/300)

(4.0, 9.9%)

11.0%

(33/300)

(7.4, 14.6%)

4.0%

(−0.7, 8.7%)

0.086

+ 6.6%

0.072

No

Women with a child 0- < 24 months of age whose previous delivery was by cesarean section

N/A

8.7%

(26/300)

(5.3, 12.1%)

N/A

N/A

2.3%

(7/300)

(0.4, 4.2%)

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

Knowledge of at least 2 postpartum danger signs

17.1%

(51/299)

(12.7, 21.4%)

66.3%

(199/300)

(60.9, 71.8%)

49.3%

(42.3, 56.3%)

< 0.001

18.7%

(56/300)

(14.2, 23.2%)

54.3%

(163/300)

(48.6, 60.1%)

35.7%

(28.4, 43.0%)

< 0.001

+ 13.6%

0.007

Yes

Postpartum visit for the mother and newborn within 48 hours after delivery

22.4%

(67/299)

(17.6, 27.2%)

39.0%

(117/300)

(33.4, 44.6%)

16.6%

(9.2, 24.0%)

< 0.001

16.0%

(48/300)

(11.8, 20.2%)

18.3%

(55/300)

(13.9, 22.8%)

2.3%

(−3.8, 8.5%)

0.448

+ 14.3%

0.003

Yes

*Percentage of mothers of children 0- < 24 months who received vitamin A supplementation within 2 months postpartum (card verified or maternal recall)

22.1%

(66/299)

(17.3, 26.9%)

47.7%

(143/300)

(41.9, 54.4%)

25.6%

(18.1, 33.1%)

< 0.001

17.0%

(51/300)

(12.7, 21.3%)

26.7%

(80/300)

(21.6, 31.8%)

9.7%

(3.0, 16.4%)

0.004

+ 15.9%

0.002

Yes

Knowledge of at least 2 neonatal danger signs

27.4%

(82/299)

(22.3, 32.6%)

64.7%

(194/300)

(59.1, 70.2%)

37.3%

(29.7, 44.8%)

< 0.001

29.7%

(89/300)

(24.4, 34.9%)

58.7%

(176/300)

(53.0, 64.4%)

29.0%

(21.2, 36.8%)

< 0.001

+ 8.3%

0.128

No

Essential Newborn Care during the most recent delivery^c

6.0%

(18/299)

(3.3, 8.8%)

39.0%

(117/300)

(33.4, 44.6%)

33.0%

(26.7, 39.2%)

< 0.001

5.0%

(15/300)

(2.5, 7.5%)

31.0%

(93/300)

(25.7, 36.3%)

26.0%

(20;1, 31.9%)

< 0.001

+ 7.0%

0.105

No

Knowledge of at least 2 risks associated with pregnancy intervals < 24 months

6.4%

(19/299)

(3.5, 9.2%)

46.7%

(140/300)

(40.9, 52.4%)

40.3%

(33.9, 46.7%)

< 0.001

12.0%

(36/300)

(8.2, 15.8%)

33.7%

(101/300)

(28.2, 39.1%)

21.7%

(15.0, 28.3%)

< 0.001

+ 18.6%

< 0.001

Yes

*Current modern contraceptive use among non-pregnant women

40.0%

(107/267)

(34.2, 46.0%)

40.0%

(102/255)

(33.9, 46.3%)

0.0%

(−8.7, 8.9%)

1.000

32.0%

(81/265)

(25.1, 36.5%)

29.6%

(75/253)

(24.1, 35.7%)

− 2.4%

(−7.4, 9.2%)

0.848

+ 2.4%

0.886

No

*Birth interval < 24 m between most recent 2 deliveries

32.7%

(75/299)

(26.9, 39.0%)

24.7%

(56/226)

(19.2, 30.9%)

− 8.0%

(− 28.1, 16.3%)

0.097

33.5%

(77/230)

(27.6, 38.7%)

35.9%

(75/209)

(29.6, 42.5%)

2.4%

(−11.4, 7.9%)

0.392

−5.7%

1.000

No

Exclusive breastfeeding (children 0- < 6 months of age) in previous 24 hours

75.0%

(63/84)

(65.5, 84.4%)

82.0%

(73/89)

(73.9, 90.2%)

7.0%

(5.4, 19.5%)

0.260

79.2%

(57/72)

(69.6, 88.7%)

71.6%

(58/81)

(61.6, 81.6%)

− 7.6%

(− 21.4, 6.3%)

0.275

+ 14.6%

0.002

Yes

Proper infant and young child feeding (children 6- < 24 months of age)

53.0%

(114/215)

(46.2, 59.8%)

74.3%

(156,210)

(68.3, 80.3%)

21.3%

(12.2, 30.4%)

< 0.001

56.1%

(128/228)

(49.6, 62.7%)

65.3%

(143/219)

(58.9%,

71.7%

9.2%

(0.0, 18.4%)

0.046

+ 12.1%

0.028

Yes

*Vitamin A supplementation for child 6- < 24 months in last 6 months

79.1%

(170/215)

(73.5, 84.6%)

74.3%

(156/210)

(68.3, 80.3%)

−4.8%

(−13.0, 3.4%)

0.243

73.7%

(168/228)

(67.9, 79.5%)

67.1%

(147/219)

(69.8, 73.5%)

− 6.6%

(−15.2, 2.1%)

0.128

+ 1.8%

0.732

No

Appropriate care seeking for child with symptoms of pneumonia

26.1%

(20/77)

(16.0, 36.0%)

51.6%

(32/62)

(38.9, 64.3%)

25.6%

(9.5, 41.8%)

0.002

20.5%

(16/78)

(11.4, 29.7%)

46.6%

(27/58)

(33.5, 59.7%)

26.0%

(10.1, 42.0%)

0.001

−0.5%

1.000

No

Use of oral rehydration therapy (or a recommended home fluid) during the most recent diarrheal episode

28.3%

(34/120)

(20.1, 36.6%)

40.8%

(42/103)

(31.1, 50.5%)

12.4%

(−0.3, 25.2%)

0.05

30.5%

(36/118)

(22.0, 39.0%)

40.2%

(47/117)

(31.1, 49.2%)

9.7%

(−2.7%), 22.1%)

0.119

+ 2.8%

0.638

No

Increased fluid intake during the most recent diarrheal episode

7.5%

(9/120)

(2.7%,

12.3%)

18.5%

(19/103)

(10.8, 26.1%)

11.0%

(1.9, 20.0%)

0.015

7.6%

(9/118)

(2.7%,

12.5%),

16.2%

(19/117)

(9.4%,

23.1%)

8.6%

(0.2, 17.0%)

0.040

+ 2.3%

0.540

No

Same/increased food intake during the most recent diarrheal episode

0.0%

(0/120)

(0.0, 2.5%)

0.0%

(0/103)

(0.0, 2.9%)

0.0%

(0.0, 0.0%)

N/A

2.5%

(3/118)

(0.0, 5.4%)

5.1%

(6/117)

(1.0, 9.2%)

2.6%

(−2.4, 7.6%)

0.301

−2.6%

1.000

No

*Zinc treatment for the most recent diarrheal episode

6.7%

(8/120)

(2.1, 11.2%)

10.7%

(11/103)

(4.6, 16.8%)

4.0%

(−3.6, 1.6%)

0.291

1.7%

(2/118)

(0.0, 4.1%)

10.3%

(12/117)

(4.6%, 15/9%)

8.6%

(2.5, 14.7%)

0.005

−4.6%

1.000

No

*Measles Immunization children 12- < 24 months

79.3%

(96/121)

(72.0, 86.7%)

64.8%

(79/122)

(56.1, 73.4%)

−14.5%

(−25.9, −3.2%)

0.010

78.9%

(116/147)

(72.2, 85.6%)

55.5%

(66/119)

(46.4, 64.6%)

− 23.5%

(− 34.8, −12.1%)

< 0.001

+ 8.9%

0.092

No

*Complete vaccination coverage children 12- < 24 months (BCG, PENTA 1–3, polio 1–3, measles)

73.6%

(89/121)

(65.5, 81.6%)

56.6%

(69/122)

(47.6, 65.5%)

−17.0%

(− 29.0, −5.0%)

0.005

68.7%

(101/147)

(61.1, 76.4%)

50.4%

(60/119)

(41.3, 59.6%)

−18.3%

(− 30.2, −6.3%)

0.002

+ 1.3%

0.796

No

Regular point-of-use water treatment

66.6%

(199/299)

(61.1, 72.0%)

97.7%

(293/300)

(95.9, 99.4%)

31.1%

(25.4, 36.8%)

< 0.001

58.3%

(175/300)

(52.6, 64.0%)

97.7%

(293/300)

(95.9, 99.4%)

39.4%

(33.4, 45.3%)

< 0.001

−8.3%

1.000

No

Safe water storage

11.7%

(35/299)

(8.0, 15.4%)

28.0%

(84/300)

(22.8, 33.2%)

16.3%

(9.9, 22.7%)

< 0.001

10.3%

(31/300)

(6.8, 13.8%)

26.0%

(78/300)

(20.9, 31.1%)

15.7%

(9.5, 21.8%)

< 0.001

+ 0.6%

0.888

No

Safe disposal of child’s feces the last time s/he defecated

43.1%

(129/299)

(37.4, 48.9%)

45.0%

(135/300)

(39.3, 50.7%)

1.9%

(−6.3, 10.0%

0.647

38.7%

(116/300)

(33.0, 44.3%)

52.0%

(156/300)

(46.2, 57.8%)

13.3%

(5.3, 21.4%)

< 0.001

−11.4%

1.000

No

Appropriate hand washing station in home (with water, soap, and soap recipient)

2.3%

(7/299)

(0.6, 4.1%)

44.7%

(134/300)

(38.9, 50.4%)

42.3%

(36.3, 48.3%)

< 0.001

2.3%

(7/300)

(0.6, 4.1%)

44.0%

(132/300)

(38.3, 49.7%)

41.7%

(35.7, 47.7%)

< 0.001

+ 0.7%

0.877

No

Knowledge of the 4 critical times when hands should be washing (after defecating, before preparing food, after cleaning a child who has defecated, before feeding a child)

1.3%

(4/299)

(0.0, 2.7%)

34.0%

(102/300)

(28.5, 39.5%)

32.7%

(27.0, 38.3%)

< 0.001

1.7%

(5/300)

(0.2, 3.1%)

28.7%

(86/300)

(23.4, 33.9%)

27.0%

(21.6, 32.4%)

(< 0.001)

−5.7%

0.148

No