Table 2  A sample of proposed healthcare gentrification research questions and interventions

Policy/Regulatory

• How are national, state and local policies influencing providers’ organizational behaviors?

• What are the effects of these multiple levels of policy/regulation on cities’ health resources?

• What tools does local government have to influence health resources?

• What is the role of health resources in cities’ urban planning agendas?

• Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services innovation grants and waivers (federal)

• Medicaid design and payment (federal/state)

• Licensing, regulation, scope of practice laws (state)

• Enforcement of community benefits requirements (state)

• “Healthy Cities” commitments (local)

Organizational/health system/provider

• What is the role of private capital on provider organizational behavior?

• How do health systems prioritize location and types of services offered?

• How do health systems align organizational goals with health equity and access concerns?

• Rent control and rent regulation

• Community land trusts

• Developer incentives

• Landlord tax abatements

• Limits on or transparency/disclosure of private equity investment

• Local laws directly targeting health system closures and restructuring

• Organizational equity and access initiatives

Community/Intrapersonal

• How are public and private health resources utilized within communities, and who utilizes them?

• What are the economic effects of health system changes on communities?

• What are the employment effects of health systems changes on communities?

• Local hiring and procurement initiatives by health systems and cities

• Participatory planning processes for development, zoning, city planning

• Tenant and resident organizing movements

Individual

• How do changes in the location and type of care affect residents’ perceptions of their local health resources?

• How do changes in location and types of care affect whether residents use or do not use local health resources? What groups are disproportionately affected by these changes?

• Patient education and clinical care initiatives

• Patient engagement groups and advisory councils