Table 2 Data Extraction Outcomes
No | Authors, Year | Basic Income Experiment | Type of Basic Income | Country | Main Outcome | Main Outcome Results |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Ashenfelter, 1990 [74] | SIME/DIME | NIT | USA | Labour supply | Incentive effects on labour supply would have a real effect on the transfer costs of such a program |
2 | Baumol, 1974 [73] | US IMEs (not specified) | NIT | USA | Housing consumption behaviour | Increase in home ownership |
3 | Bawden, 1970 [48] | NJ, RIME | NIT | USA | Work incentive | None |
4 | Beck et al., 2015 [45] | India | UCT | India | Illness or injury in the household and vaccination coverage | Less minor illness or injury in the household found in the intervention group, but no effect on vaccination coverage and serious illness and injuries |
5 | SEWA Bharat, 2014 [53] | India | UCT | India | Basic living conditions including sanitation, drinking water, energy sources | Basic living improved including sanitation, energy sources |
6 | Bishop, 1980 [69] | NJ, RIME, Gary, SIME/DIME | NIT | USA | Marital dissolution rates | Rates of marital dissolution were higher |
7 | Brodkin and Kaufman, 2000 [87] | NJ, SIME/DIME | NIT | USA | Labour supply | Labour supply showed very little evidence of a work disincentive |
8 | Burtless, 1986 [88] | NJ, RIME, Gary, SIME/DIME | NIT | USA | Work hours and earnings | Work hours and earnings are decreased among NIT recipients across all four experiments |
9 | Burtless and Greenberg, 1981 [68] | SIME/DIME | NIT | USA | Work hours | The estimated reduction in hours is larger when the analysis focuses on those below the breakeven level |
10 | Burtless and Greenberg, 1982 [89] | SIME/DIME | NIT | USA | Labour supply | Reduction in labor supply was larger in the 5-year experimental sample than the 3-year one |
11 | Burtless and Hausman, 1978 [90] | Gary | NIT | USA | Labour supply | Labour supply is largely unaffected by NIT, but it may be reduced by poor health and aging |
12 | Byrne, 1973 [91] | NJ, Gary | NIT | USA | Mother’s work disincentives with day-care costs | Mothers have a disincentive to work when faced with day-care costs |
13 | Cain and Wissoker, 1990 [72] | SIME/DIME | NIT | USA | Marital Stability when accounting for potential bias from different durations of experiments | Impact of NIT on marital breakups decline with the length of the programs |
14 | Cain et al., 1974 [92] | NJ | NIT | USA | Labour supply of married women | Disincentives with labor-force participation for white wives |
15 | Calnitsky, 2016 [55] | MINCOME | NIT | Canada | Community experience | - Motives to participate in MINCOME are related to money/assistance - Social stigma experienced by MINCOME recipients was lower than welfare recipients |
16 | Choudhry and Arvin, 2001 [93] | MINCOME | NIT | Canada | Family income level and marital dissolution | Increase in marital dissolution with lower family income level |
17 | Choudhry and Hum, 1995 [94] | MINCOME | NIT | Canada | Income level and marital dissolution | NIT payments did not encourage splits by lowering the financial costs of marital disruption |
18 | Connor, Rodgers, and Priest, 1999 [44] | NJ, RIME, Gary, SIME/DIME, MINCOME | NIT | USA and Canada | Marital stability, nutrition, education | No consistent effects on marital stability, nutrition or education |
19 | Curry, 1981 [95] | NJ | NIT | USA | Work effort | Work effort did not decline |
20 | Davala et al., 2015 [76] | India | UCT | India | Debt and Borrowing | Debt and borrowing reduced |
21 | Dickinson and Watts, 1975 [85] | NJ, RIME | NIT | USA | Uses of the Data: labor supply response | Labor supply response was focus of experimental design |
22 | Elesh and Lefcowitz, 1977 [96] | NJ | NIT | USA | Health and health care utilization | No effect observed on health and health care utilization. |
23 | Forget, 2011 [10] | MINCOME | NIT | Canada | Hospitalization rates | Hospitalization rates fell |
24 | Forget, 2013 [64] | MINCOME | NIT | Canada | Hospital separations | Hospital separations declined |
25 | Forget, 2010 [97] | NJ, RIME, Gary, SIME/DIME, MINCOME | NIT | USA and Canada | Work effort | US: reduction in work effort |
26 | Forget et al., 2013 [98] | MINCOME | NIT | Canada | Hospitalization rates | Hospitalization rates fell |
27 | Greenberg and Halsey, 1983 [56] | SIME/DIME | NIT | USA | Underreporting of employment and quarterly earnings | Higher degree of underreporting of employment status and earning by intervention recipients compared to that by the control group |
28 | Greenberg, Moffitt, Friedmann, 1981 [65] | Gary | NIT | USA | Underreporting and work effort | Underreporting work effort was substantial |
29 | Groeneveld et al., 1980 [70] | SIME/DIME | NIT | USA | Marital dissolution | SIME/DIME increased the rate of marital dissolution |
30 | Haarmann, 2008 [40] | BIG Pilot Project (Namibia) | UCT | Namibia | Nutrition and child development | Reduced food shortages |
31 | Haarmann et al., 2009 [41] | Namibia | UCT | Namibia | Poverty Rates | Poverty rates decrease |
32 | Haushofer and Shapiro, 2013 [36] | Kenya | UCT | Kenya | AssetsConsumption | Increased Asset Values |
33 | Heffernan, 1977 [60] | RIME | NIT | USA | Awareness of social services | No effect on awareness of social services |
34 | Hollister, 1974 [99] | NJ | NIT | USA | Total family hours and total family earnings | Significant response to the experimental treatment by Whites and Spanish-speakers for total family hours and total family earnings. |
35 | Hum and Choudry, 1992 [100] | MINCOME | NIT | Canada | Family income level and marital dissolution | Social roles expected of each partner, not family income, determines family stability |
36 | Hum and Simpson, 1991 [101] | MINCOME | NIT | Canada | Labour Supply Response of Families and Individuals | Negative effect on work hours for single female heads |
37 | Hum and Simpson, 1993 [102] | NJ, RIME, Gary, SIME/DIME, MINCOME | NIT | USA and Canada | Labor supply response | Insignificant changes in work behaviour |
38 | Huston, 1999 [103] | NJ, RIME, Gary, SIME/DIME | NIT | USA | Children’s educational outcomes | Mixed effects on children’s school performance and attendance, achievement and aspirations, high school completion, educational attainment, employment. |
39 | Johnson, 1980 [61] | US IMEs (not specified) | NIT | USA | Risk taking in labour market | Risk-taking rises with income |
40 | Jones and Marinescu, 2018 [42] | Alaskan Permanent Fund Dividend | UCI | USA | Evolution in labour market | No change in employment within Alaska pre- and post-dividend payment, and no difference in labour market evolution between Alaska and other states |
41 | Kaluzny, 1979 [49] | NJ, Gary | NIT | USA | Home ownership | Increases in homeownership |
42 | Kangas et al., 2019 [104] | Finland | UCI | Finland | Work effort | No difference in average days in open employment, but slight increase in self-employment rate and their associated earnings |
43 | Keeley et al., 1978 [105] | SIME/DIME | NIT | USA | Labour supply | Income effects are negative for wives and female heads; Substitution effects are positive |
44 | Keeley et al., 1978 [106] | SIME/DIME | NIT | USA | Labour supply effects and costs of alternative negative income tax programs | Labor-supply response and program costs vary widely with the support level and tax rate |
45 | Keeley and Robins, 1979 [107] | SIME/DIME | NIT | USA | Work disincentives | SIME/DIME reduced hours of work |
46 | Keeley, 1980 [58] | SIME/DIME | NIT | USA | Migration | Increased rate of mobility for white married males and females |
47 | Keeley, 1980 [108] | SIME/DIME | NIT | USA | Fertility | NIT negatively effects married whites’ and positively effects married Chicanos’ fertility |
48 | Keeley, 1980 [59] | SIME/DIME | NIT | USA | Rate of migration | Increased rate of migration |
49 | Keeley, 1987 [109] | SIME/DIME | NIT | USA | Marital Dissolution | Positive effect on marital dissolution/divorce rates |
50 | Kehrer and Wolin, 1979 [63] | Gary | NITTwo guarantee levels and two tax rates | USA | Birth weight | No difference in birth weight |
51 | Kerachsky, 1977 [110] | RIME | NIT | USA | Farm family labor supply | Changes in guarantee produce a pattern of negative effects on labor supply |
52 | Kershaw, 1972 [111] | NJ | NIT | USA | Earnings | No evidence indicating a significant decline in weekly earnings |
53 | Kershaw and Fair, 1976 [84] | NJ | NIT | USA | Withdrawal from Work | No substantial withdrawal from work |
54 | Levine et al., 2005 [112] | NJ, RIME, Gary, SIME/DIME | NIT | USA | Labour supply | Reduction of work effort |
55 | Maynard, 1977 [66] | RIME | NIT | USA | School performance | Improvements in school performance; Increases in educational attainment. |
56 | Maynard and Murnane, 1979 [113] | Gary | NIT | USA | School performance | Increase in average reading achievement for grades 4–6 |
57 | McDonald and Stephenson, 1979 [114] | Gary | NIT | USA | School enrollment | Being males increased rate of school enrollment and reduced labor force participation |
58 | Metcalf, 1973 [57] | US IMEs (not specified) | NIT | USA | Temporary NIT results extended to permanent NIT results | A temporary experiment will 1) understate the income effect and 2) overstate the gross and compensated price effects of the NIT. |
59 | Moffitt, 1979 [115] | Gary | NIT | USA | Employment status and unconditional hours worked | Labor supply reductions for husbands and female heads, but not for wives |
60 | Moffitt, 1981 [71] | NJ, RIME, Gary, SIME/DIME | NIT | USA | Weekly work hours | Reduced weekly work hours |
61 | Moffit and Kehrer, 1981 [75] | NJ, RIME, Gary, SIME/DIME | NIT | USA | Weekly work hours | Reduced weekly work hours |
62 | Munnell et al., 1987 [116] | NJ, RIME, Gary, SIME/DIME | NIT | USA | The effect of the NIT Treatments on Work Effort and Labour Supply | Reduction in work effort for most subsamples |
63 | Murray and Pateman, 2012 [67] | MINCOME | NIT | Canada | High school continuation | Adolescent males did continue in high school longer |
64 | Neuberg, 1988 [62] | SIME/DIME | NIT | USA | Distortion in reporting hours worked | Distortion revealed in reporting hours worked |
65 | Nicholson and Wright 1977 [37] | NJ | NIT | USA | Participants’ understanding of the NIT | The NIT was not well understood by experimental participants |
66 | O’Connor and Madden, 1979 [117] | RIME | NIT | USA | Diet | Little, if any, influence on the quality of the diets of the Iowa families; evidence of a beneficial effect on the quality of the diets of the North Carolina families. |
67 | Osterkamp, 2013 [78] | BIG Coalition (Namibia) | Universal Unconditional Cash Transfer | Namibia | Poverty reduction | Poverty was substantially reduced |
68 | Robins, 1980 [38] | SIME/DIME | NIT | USA | The effect of the NIT treatments on the labor supply of youth | The effect of the NIT Treatments on the Labor Supply of Youth |
69 | Robins, 1985 [118] | NJ, RIME, Gary, SIME/DIME | NIT | USA | Labour supply | Labour supply reduced |
70 | Robins, Tuma, and Yaeger, 1980 [119] | SIME/DIME | NIT | USA | Rates of leaving and entering employment | Higher rate of leaving employment and lower rate of entering employment |
71 | Robins and West, 1986 [120] | SIME/DIME | NIT | USA | Impacts of accounting differences between study attriters and non-attriters on employment and earnings estimates | Weighting techniques that considered differences between attriters and non-attriters did not have significant impact on the employment and earnings estimates |
72 | Ross, 1970 [121] | NJ | NIT | USA | Work Disincentive Effects | No evidence of work disincentive response |
73 | Rossi and Rosenbaum, 1983 [77] | NJ | NIT | USA | Work effort | Work effort declined slightly |
74 | Salkind and Haskins, 1982 [50] | NJ, RIME, Gary, SIME/DIME | NIT | USA | Fertility, nutrition, birth weight | Lower fertility; quality of nutrition increased; Fewer low birth weight babies |
75 | Skidmore, 1974 [46] | NJ | NIT | USA | None | None (paper only describes the type of data that are available from the experiment) |
76 | Spiegelman and Yaeger, 1980 [83] | SIME/DIME | NIT | USA | Labor supply | Husbands and single-family heads left employment more readily |
77 | Standing, 2015 [122] | India | UCT | India | Debt | Less likely to increase debt and more likely to reduce it |
78 | Stephens, 2007 [123] | SIME/DIME | NIT | USA | Work hours for men in dual-headed households | Hours of work reduction for men in dual-headed households was greater for the 5-year experiment than the 3-year one |
79 | Watts, 1969 [124] | NJ | NIT | USA | Participation | Almost all of those who have been invited to participate in the payments program have chosen to do so |
80 | Weiss, Hall, and Dong, 1980 [125] | SIME/DIME | NIT | USA | Schooling investment | Increase in schooling investment |
81 | West, 1980 [126] | SIME/DIME | NIT | USA | Wage rates | Little basis to indicate any effect on wage rates |
82 | West, 1980 [127] | SIME/DIME | NIT | USA | Work effort among non-heads of families | Reduction in work effort among non-heads |
83 | Widerquist, 2005 [51] | NJ, RIME, Gary, SIME/DIME, MINCOME | NIT | USA and Canada | Work-effort reduction | Work-effort reduced |
84 | Widerquist, 2013 [128] | NJ, RIME, Gary, SIME/DIME, MINCOME | NIT | USA and Canada | Work Disincentive Results | Longer periods of nonemployment or return to work |
85 | Wright and Wright, 1975 [129] | NJ | NIT | USA | Labour force participation | No difference in incentive to work |
86 | Wright, 1975 [39] | NJ | NIT | USA | Work disincentive effects | No statistically significant work disincentive effects |