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Table 2 Distributions and associations of covariates in each trajectory group of antidepressant use among refugeesa

From: Trajectories of antidepressant use before and after a suicide attempt among refugees and Swedish-born individuals: a cohort study

Characteristics

Low constant

n (column %)

Low increasing

n (column %)

Medium constant

n (column %)

High constant

n (column %)

p-value of log-likelihood χ2 test

Differenceb in Nagelkerke pseudo R2

All (row percentage)

2267 (64.9%)

207 (5.9%)

786 (22.5%)

232 (6.6%)

  

Socio-demographic factorsc

 Sex

  Women

887 (39.1)

110 (53.1)

440 (56.0)

136 (58.6)

< 0.0001

0.008

  Men

1380 (60.9)

97 (46.9)

346 (44.0)

96 (41.4)

  

 Age (years)

  20–24

474 (20.9)

16 (7.7)

87 (11.1)

< 10d

< 0.0001

0.014

  25–34

726 (32.0)

48 (23.2)

218 (27.7)

36 (15.5)

  

  35–44

531 (23.4)

68 (32.9)

208 (26.5)

58 (25.0)

  

  45–54

369 (16.3)

61 (29.5)

196 (24.9)

88 (37.9)

  

  55–64

167 (7.4)

14 (6.8)

77 (9.8)

47 (20.3)

  

 Educational level (years)

  Compulsory school (0–9)

810 (35.7)

60 (29.0)

283 (36.0)

68 (29.3)

0.47

0.001

  High school (10–12)

870 (38.4)

99 (47.8)

289 (36.8)

100 (43.1)

  

  College or university (> 12)

518 (22.8)

40 (19.3)

191 (24.3)

59 (25.4)

  

  Missing

69 (3.0)

< 10d

23 (2.9)

<10d

  

 Family situation

  Married/cohabiting without children living at home

221 (9.7)

21 (10.1)

84 (10.7)

40 (17.2)

0.12

0.001

  Married/cohabiting with children living at home

616 (27.2)

68 (32.9)

202 (25.7)

62 (26.7)

  

  Single/divorced/separated/widowed without children living at home

1246 (55.0)

96 (46.4)

411 (52.3)

107 (46.2)

  

  Single/divorced/separated/widowed with children living at home

184 (8.1)

22 (10.6)

89 (11.3)

23 (9.9)

  

 Type of residential areae

  Big cities

1097 (48.4)

99 (47.8)

378 (48.1)

131 (56.5)

0.28

0.001

  Medium-sized cities

767 (33.8)

71 (34.3)

268 (34.1)

67 (28.9)

  

  Small cities/villages

403 (17.8)

37 (17.9)

140 (17.8)

34 (14.7)

  

Labour market marginalisation factorsf

 Unemployed, 1–180 days

542 (23.9)

36 (17.4)

157 (20.0)

35 (15.1)

0.34

0.001

 Unemployed, > 180 days

208 (9.2)

29 (14.0)

74 (9.4)

15 (6.5)

  

 Sickness absence, 1–90 net days

135 (6.0)

18 (8.7)

73 (9.3)

16 (6.9)

< 0.0001

0.007

 Sickness absence, > 90 net days

70 (3.1)

30 (14.5)

104 (13.2)

36 (15.5)

  

 Disability pension

159 (7.0)

43 (20.8)

141 (17.9)

94 (40.5)

< 0.001

0.004

Clinical factors

 History of any suicide attemptg

51 (2.2)

<10d

30 (3.8)

13 (5.6)

0.48

0.001

 Method of index attempt (ICD-10 codeh)

  Self-poisoning (X60–69, Y10–19)

894 (39.4)

162 (78.3)

554 (70.5)

183 (78.9)

< 0.0001

0.020

  Self-injury (X70–84, Y20–34)

1373 (60.6)

45 (21.7)

232 (29.5)

49 (21.1)

  

 Mental disorderi at index attempt (ICD-10 codeh)

  Depressive disorders (F32-F34)

67 (3.0)

35 (16.9)

104 (13.2)

43 (18.5)

0.09

0.001

  Bipolar disorders (F30-F31)

<10d

<10d

<10d

<10d

  

  Anxiety disorders (F38-F48 except F43.1)

84 (3.7)

13 (6.3)

50 (6.4)

22 (9.5)

  

  Post-traumatic stress disorder (F43.1)

<10d

<10d

21 (2.7)

<10d

  

  Schizophrenia, schizotypal and delusional disorder (F20-F29)

19 (0.8)

<10d

16 (2.0)

<10d

  

  Other mental disorders (F01-F19, F50-F99)

121 (5.3)

17 (8.2)

77 (9.8)

22 (9.5)

  

  History of specialised healthcare use due to somatic diagnosesj

1619 (71.4)

174 (84.1)

663 (84.4)

202 (87.1)

0.02

0.002

 Use of psychotropic drug(s)k except antidepressants (ATC codel)

  Neuroleptic drug(s) (N05A)

92 (4.1)

73 (35.3)

211 (26.8)

90 (38.8)

< 0.0001

0.019

  Anxiolytic drug(s) (N05B)

205 (9.0)

100 (48.3)

307 (39.1)

139 (59.9)

< 0.0001

0.019

  Hypnotic and sedative drug(s) (N05C)

262 (11.6)

145 (70.0)

417 (53.1)

173 (74.6)

< 0.0001

0.039

  1. aTrajectory group of antidepressant use according to annual defined daily doses (DDDs) among 3492 refugees, aged 20–64 years and residing in Sweden who sought inpatient or specialised outpatient healthcare for the index attempt in between 2009 and 2015
  2. bDifference in Nagelkerke pseudo R2 between model including tested variable and model without tested variable. Nagelkerke pseudo R2 for full model including all socio-demographic, labour market marginalisation and clinical factors is 0.433
  3. cAll socio-demographic factors were measured during the year before index attempt except sex and age which were measured at the index attempt
  4. dFor ethical reasons i.e. to ensure anonymity, if the number is <10, it is not reported
  5. eType of residential area: big cities - Stockholm, Gothenburg and, Malmö; medium-sized cities - cities with more than 90,000 inhabitants within 30 km distance from the centre of the city; small cities/villages
  6. fAll labour market marginalisation factors were measured during the year before index attempt. ‘No unemployment’, ‘No sickness absence’ and ‘No disability pension’ categories are not presented
  7. gMeasured as any inpatient or specialised outpatient healthcare due to suicide attempt during the 3 years before index attempt
  8. hInternational Classification of Diseases version 10 code
  9. iAs main or side diagnosis in specialised healthcare. ‘No diagnosed mental disorder’ category is not presented
  10. jMeasured as any inpatient or specialised outpatient healthcare due to a somatic diagnosis (any ICD-10 code except ‘F’, ‘O’, ‘P’ and ‘Q’ codes) during the 3 years before index attempt. ‘No history of specialised healthcare use due to somatic diagnoses’ category is not presented
  11. kMeasured during the year before index attempt. ‘No neuroleptic drug use’, ‘No anxiolytic drug use’ and ‘No hypnotic and sedative drug use’ categories are not presented
  12. lAnatomical Therapeutic Chemical classification system code
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International Journal for Equity in Health

ISSN: 1475-9276

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