Table 7 Result of logistic regression analyses showing significant predictors of catastrophic health spending and impoverishment in India
Variables | CHE | IMP | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
OR | 95% CI | p-value | OR | 95% CI | p-value | |
Place of residence | ||||||
Rural (R) | 1 | 1 | ||||
Urban | 0.37 | 0.35–0.39 | 0.00 | 0.31 | 0.29–0.34 | 0.00 |
MPCE Quintile | ||||||
Poorest (R) | 1 | 1 | ||||
Poorer | 0.54 | 0.50–0.58 | 0.00 | 0.50 | 0.46–0.55 | 0.00 |
Middle | 0.40 | 0.37–0.43 | 0.00 | 0.37 | 0.33–0.4 | 0.00 |
Richer | 0.34 | 0.32–0.37 | 0.00 | 0.28 | 0.25–0.31 | 0.00 |
Richest | 0.22 | 0.21–0.24 | 0.00 | 0.16 | 0.15–0.18 | 0.00 |
Household Size | ||||||
1–4 (R) | 1 | 1 | ||||
5–7 | 0.61 | 0.58–0.65 | 0.00 | 0.53 | 0.50–0.57 | 0.00 |
8+ | 0.40 | 0.38–0.43 | 0.00 | 0.33 | 0.30–0.36 | 0.00 |
Any elderly member in household | ||||||
No elderly member in the household (R) | ||||||
Any elderly member in the household | 1.20 | 1.12–1.28 | 0.00 | 1.14 | 1.04–1.25 | 0.01 |
Main employment of household | ||||||
Labourer Household (R) | 1 | 1 | ||||
Wage/salary | 0.94 | 0.86–1.04 | 0.22 | 1.04 | 0.91–1.2 | 0.55 |
Self Employed | 1.11 | 1.05–1.17 | 0.00 | 1.08 | 1.01–1.16 | 0.04 |
Others | 1.35 | 1.24–1.46 | 0.00 | 1.50 | 1.35–1.67 | 0.00 |
Age of head of household | ||||||
Lt 30 (R) | ||||||
30–44 | 1.22 | 1.14–1.32 | 0.00 | 1.22 | 1.10–1.35 | 0.00 |
45–59 | 1.44 | 1.34–1.55 | 0.00 | 1.44 | 1.30–1.59 | 0.00 |
60+ | 1.56 | 1.42–1.72 | 0.00 | 1.60 | 1.41–1.83 | 0.00 |
Sex of the head of household | ||||||
Male (R) | 1 | 1 | ||||
Female | 1.14 | 1.06–1.23 | 0.00 | 1.20 | 0.15–1.33 | 0.00 |
Educational level of household | ||||||
No education of head of household (R) | 1 | 1 | ||||
Up to Primary | 1.03 | 0.98–1.09 | 0.26 | 1.03 | 0.95–1.11 | 0.47 |
Middle/Secondary | 1.19 | 1.12–1.27 | 0.00 | 1.16 | 1.07–1.26 | 0.00 |
Higher secondary | 1.28 | 1.17–1.39 | 0.00 | 1.20 | 1.06–1.34 | 0.00 |
Religion | ||||||
Hindus (R) | 1 | 1 | ||||
Muslim | 1.05 | 0.98–1.12 | 0.16 | 1.04 | 0.95–1.14 | 0.41 |
Christian | 0.81 | 0.72–0.92 | 0.00 | 0.99 | 0.83–1.19 | 0.95 |
Sikh | 1.11 | 0.94–1.33 | 0.23 | 1.20 | 0.93–1.54 | 0.17 |
Ohers | 1.00 | 0.85–1.18 | 0.99 | 0.91 | 0.72–1.16 | 0.46 |
Inpatient and outpatient care | ||||||
Availed inpatient care only | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||
Availed outpatient care only | 1.33 | 1.25–1.4 | 0.00 | 1.28 | 1.18–1.39 | 0.00 |
Availed both inpatient and outpatient care | 2.80 | 2.66–2.95 | 0.00 | 3.12 | 2.91–3.34 | 0.00 |
Insurance coverage | ||||||
No (R) | 1 | 1 | ||||
Yes | 0.89 | 0.76–1.03 | 0.11 | 0.93 | 0.74–1.17 | 0.55 |
Time | ||||||
2004 (R) | 1 | 1 | ||||
2014 | 0.80 | 0.71–0.91 | 0.00 | 0.67 | 0.57–0.80 | 0.00 |
2018 | 0.56 | 0.50–0.63 | 0.00 | 0.41 | 0.63–0.49 | 0.00 |
Interaction between Time and MPCE Quintile | ||||||
2014*Poorer | 0.89 | 0.81–0.99 | 0.03 | 0.90 | 0.79–1.02 | 0.10 |
2018*Poorer | 0.83 | 0.76–0.92 | 0.00 | 0.82 | 0.73–0.93 | 0.00 |
2014*Middle | 0.90 | 0.81–0.99 | 0.03 | 0.82 | 0.72–0.94 | 0.00 |
2018*Middle | 0.82 | 0.74–0.9 | 0.00 | 0.75 | 0.66–0.85 | 0.00 |
2014*Richer | 0.80 | 0.72–0.88 | 0.00 | 0.71 | 0.62–0.81 | 0.00 |
2018*Richer | 0.66 | 0.60–0.73 | 0.00 | 0.72 | 0.63–0.82 | 0.00 |
2014*Richest | 1.01 | 0.90–1.13 | 0.87 | 0.91 | 0.78–1.06 | 0.21 |
2018*Richest | 0.71 | 0.65–0.79 | 0.00 | 0.76 | 0.66–0.88 | 0.00 |
Interaction of Time, Insurance and MPCE Quintile | ||||||
2014* Insurance*Poorer | 1.10 | 0.93–1.32 | 0.27 | 1.04 | 0.83–1.31 | 0.72 |
2018* Insurance*Poorer | 1.03 | 0.89–1.2 | 0.66 | 0.98 | 0.80–1.2 | 0.82 |
2014* Insurance*Middle | 1.06 | 0.89–1.26 | 0.52 | 1.06 | 0.84–1.34 | 0.62 |
2018* Insurance*Middle | 0.94 | 0.82–1.09 | 0.43 | 0.95 | 0.78–1.16 | 0.61 |
2014* Insurance*Richer | 1.05 | 0.89–1.25 | 0.54 | 1.21 | 0.97–1.51 | 0.09 |
2018* Insurance*Richer | 1.06 | 0.92–1.22 | 0.45 | 0.91 | 0.74–1.11 | 0.34 |
2014* Insurance*Richest | 0.79 | 0.67–0.92 | 0.00 | 0.72 | 0.58–0.9 | 0.01 |
2018* Insurance*Richest | 0.84 | 0.74–0.96 | 0.01 | 0.74 | 0.62–0.9 | 0.00 |
Puuedo R2 | 0.14 | 0.15 | ||||