Residential exposure to natural outdoor environments and general health among older adults in Shanghai, China

Huang, Baishi; Liu, Ye; Feng, Zhiqiang; Pearce, Jamie R.; Wang, Ruoyu; Zhang, Yina; Chen, Jie

doi:10.1186/s12939-019-1081-4

International Journal for Equity in Health

Table 1 Summary statistics of variables

From: Residential exposure to natural outdoor environments and general health among older adults in Shanghai, China

Variables	Whole sample (n = 7962)	Reported good health (n = 3585)	Reported fair or poor health (n = 4377)	p-value
Outcome
Self-reported health (%)
Good	45.03
Fair or poor	54.97
Predictors (neighbourhood-level variables)
Percentage of surrounding green spaces within 1 km buffer (%)	16.41 (27.67)	18.27 (28.38)	14.88 (26.98)	0.000^a
Percentage of surrounding blue spaces within 1 km buffer (%)	1.76 (5.61)	1.84 (5.75)	1.69 (5.50)	0.227^a
Proximity to the nearest green spaces (metre)	775.98 (702.45)	715.42 (698.82)	825.59 (701.60)	0.000^a
Proximity to the nearest blue spaces (metre)	2108.24 (1512.03)	2081.94 (1498.20)	2129.79 (1523.09)	0.160^a
Covariates
Social deprivation index	−0.31 (1.91)	−0.27 (2.02)	−0.34 (1.80)	0.146^a
Annual average PM2.5 concentrations (μg/m³)	51.81 (2.59)	51.83 (3.17)	51.80 (1.98)	0.596^a
Sex (%)
Male	48.47	53.22	44.57	0.000^b
Female	51.53	46.78	55.43
Age (years) (%)
60–69	53.49	70.88	39.25	0.000^b
70–79	30.75	22.51	37.49
> =80	15.76	6.61	23.26
Marital status (%)
Single, divorced, or widowed	22.70	14.64	29.29	0.000^b
Married	77.30	85.36	70.71
Hukou status (%)
Local hukou	68.12	63.57	71.85	0.000^b
Non-local hukou	31.88	36.43	28.15
Education (%)
No schooling	14.46	10.38	17.80	0.000^b
Elementary school or junior high school	55.15	58.02	52.80
Senior high school	16.68	17.10	16.34
College or above	13.71	14.50	13.06
Living alone (%)
Yes	6.66	5.38	7.70	0.000^b
No	93.34	94.62	92.30
Housing area per capita (m²)	29.17 (22.83)	30.82 (24.03)	27.84 (21.70)	0.000^a
Housing construction time (%)
Before 1980	15.02	11.58	17.84	0.000^b
After 1980	84.98	88.42	82.16
Housing facilities (%)
None, one, two or three types of facilities	13.26	11.83	85.56	0.001^b
Four types of facilities	86.74	88.17	14.44

Note: results are presented as proportion for categorical variables and as mean (standard errors) for continuous variables
^at-Test statistics. ^bPearson’s chi-squares statistics

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