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Table 4 Hospitalization according to household income in Germany and Spain. Percentage ratio (PR) and 95% confidence interval (95% CI)

From: Use of health services according to income before and after elimination of copayment in Germany and restriction of universal health coverage in Spain

Country and household income

2009

2014

Model 1

Model 2

Model 1

Model 2

PR

95% CI

PR

95% CI

PR

95% CI

PR

95% CI

Germany

 High

1.00

 

1.00

 

1.00

 

1.00

 

 Medium-high

1.26

1.12–1.41

1.18

1.05–1.32

1.16

1.04–1.29

1.09

0.98–1.22

 Medium-low

1.24

1.10–1.40

1.12

1.00–1.26

1.22

1.10–1.37

1.11

1.00–1.24

 Low

1.21

1.07–1.38

1.06

0.93–1.20

1.55

1.39–1.72

1.34

1.20–1.49

 The low vs. the high categories

1.10

1.01–1.20

1.01

0.93–1.10

1.27

1.18–1.37

1.16

1.08–1.25

Spain

 High

1.00

 

1.00

 

1.00

 

1.00

 

 Medium-high

1.03

0.88–1.21

1.01

0.87–1.18

1.14

0.97–1.34

1.00

0.85–1.17

 Medium-low

1.15

0.99–1.33

1.02

0.88–1.19

1.31

1.12–1.55

1.05

0.89–1.23

 Low

1.22

1.05–1.41

1.06

0.91–1.23

1.33

1.13–1.57

0.94

0.80–1.11

 The low vs. the high categories

1.13

1.00–1.28

1.04

0.92–1.18

1.25

1.09–1.44

0.99

0.87–1.14

  1. Model 1. Adjusted for age and sex
  2. Model 2. Adjusted for age, sex, and self-perceived health