Table 5 Multivariate regression: out-of -pocket medical expenditures and population characteristics
From: Chronic conditions and medical expenditures among non-institutionalized adults in the United States
| Â | Medical expenditure (Estimate, SE) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Â | Total out-of-pocket medical expenditure | Out-of-pocket hospital expenditure | Out-of-pocket physician office expenditure | Out-of-pocket prescription drug expenditure |
Predisposing factors | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Chronic condition (ref: Without Chronic Conditions) | 294.39 (25.15)*** | 26.67 (9.94)** | 38.36 (12.14)** | 190.64 (11.7)*** |
Age in years (reference: Above 64) | Â | Â | Â | Â |
18-64 | -328.81 (49.38)*** | 18.87 (21.45) | 9.72 (13.3) | -166.7 (25.89)*** |
Sex (reference: Female) | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Male | -158.87 (24)*** | -11.45 (8.88) | -49.03 (9.21)*** | -38.95 (10.63)*** |
Race/Ethnicity (reference: Non-Hispanic White) | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Non-Hispanic Black | -308.92 (30.25)*** | -6.84 (19.75) | -67.9 (9.3)*** | -105.82 (12.62)*** |
Hispanic | -234.85 (28.76)*** | -21.26 (11.4) | -48.97 (13.9)*** | -86.39 (12.54)*** |
Non-Hispanic Asian | -329.85 (37.67)*** | -37.54 (11.1)*** | -76.1 (14.86)*** | -108.45 (14.85)*** |
Others | -173.66 (97.5) | 60.48 (75.79) | -50.38 (25.36)* | -53.3 (39.15) |
Health insurance (reference: Private) | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Public | -320.08 (41.62)*** | -43.83 (17.78)* | -28.08 (16.22) | -85.45 (26.41)** |
No insurance | -32.82 (34.52) | 2.67 (12.87) | 0.97 (15.45) | 13.73 (15.43) |
Highest education degree (reference: No Degree) | Â | Â | Â | Â |
High school diploma | 171.82 (29.54)*** | 8.45 (14.06) | 29.56 (10.46)** | 45.77 (15.12)** |
Bachelor’s degree and above | 361.81 (39.5)*** | 28.99 (20.72) | 90.1 (12.72)*** | 74.84 (18.67)*** |
Other degree | 175.86 (51.53)*** | 32.8 (27.94) | 49.32 (18.09)** | 7.63 (17.68) |
Marital Status (reference: Not Married) | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Married | 54.44 (27.75) | 27.58 (10.39)** | 5.73 (9.59) | 38.66 (12.39)** |
Employment status(reference: Not employed) | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Employed | -177.15 (36.58)*** | -0.21 (14.1) | 5.48 (15.97) | -85.49 (16.97)*** |
Enabling factors | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Income (reference: <$20,000) | Â | Â | Â | Â |
$20,000-$39,999 | 110.5 (32.49)*** | -12.89 (15.68) | 16.32 (13.56) | 12.42 (12.99) |
> = $40,000 | 38.4 (31.18) | -1.36 (12.51) | -3.32 (9.72) | 7.01 (11.74) |
Provider type of USC (reference: Facility) | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Person | 78.65 (35.46)* | 13.73 (14.22) | 16.55 (12.55) | 29.48 (17.05) |
Person in facility | 145.41 (42.41)*** | 29.96 (16.53) | 17.33 (13.85) | 48.01 (15.84)** |
Inapplicable/DK/Refused/Not Ascertained | -151.05 (29.52)*** | -17.69 (8.93)* | -7.66 (17.73) | -89.52 (9.71)*** |
MSA (reference: No) | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Yes | 33.36 (34.03) | 8.26 (9.4) | 9.83 (9.78) | -6.37 (16.62) |
Census region (reference: South) | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Northeast | -186.6 (45.05)*** | -43.62 (13.03)** | -37.13 (9.89)*** | -96.89 (16.24)*** |
Midwest | -61.16 (36.88) | -12.86 (12.54) | -19.86 (10.35) | -50.37 (14.46)*** |
West | 33.03 (41.6) | -24.08 (12.95) | 21.11 (18.18) | -58.25 (15.67)*** |
Need factors | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Perceived health status (reference: Fair/Poor) | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Excellent/VG/Good | -421.17 (58.85)*** | -114.64 (29.99)*** | -78.58 (20.79)*** | -171.79 (23.62)*** |
Perceived mental health status (reference: Fair/Poor) | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Excellent/VG/Good | -170.93 (67.43)* | 16.51 (26.78) | -28.69 (30.2) | -96.18 (30.4)** |
IADL help screener (reference: No) | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Yes | 231.64 (145.56) | 47.75 (44.76) | -10.58 (28.98) | 175.84 (67.89)* |
ADL help screener (reference: No) | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Yes | 226.11 (160.59) | 9.91 (48.95) | 18.78 (45.88) | 56.06 (87.93) |