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Table 6 Multilevel logistic regression of the probability of non-use of dental care by individual and countries characteristics

From: Socioeconomic inequalities in the non-use of dental care in Europe

 

Model 0

Model 1

Model 2

Model 3

Model 4

Model 5

 

(Empty model)

OR

CI 95%

OR

CI 95%

OR

CI 95%

OR

CI 95%

OR

CI 95%

Fixed effects

           

Intercept

0.07*

0.07*

0.05-0.09

0.07*

0.04-0.10

0.06*

0.04-0.10

0.08*

0.06-0.11

0.10*

0.06-0.15

Age

 

0.93*

0.90-0.97

0.93*

0.90-0.97

0.93*

0.90-0.97

0.92*

0.89-0.96

0.92*

0.89-0.96

Sex

           

Men

 

ref.

 

ref.

 

ref.

 

ref.

 

ref.

 

women

 

0.997*

0.995-0.998

0.997*

0.995-0.998

0.997*

0.995-0.998

0.995*

0.995-0.997

0.995*

0.99-0.997

Education level

           

Tertiary

 

ref.

 

ref.

 

ref.

 

ref.

 

ref.

 

Primary

 

1.49*

1.42-1.56

1.49*

1.42-1.56

1.49*

1.42-1.56

1.46*

1.38-1.54

1.46*

1.38-1.54

Secondary

 

1.24*

1.19-1.30

1.24*

1.19-1.30

1.24*

1.19-1.30

1.21*

1.15-1.27

1.21*

1.15-1.27

Marital status

           

Married

 

ref.

 

ref.

 

ref.

 

ref.

 

ref.

 

Never married

 

0.97

0.92-1.01

0.97

0.92-1.01

0.97

0.92-1.01

0.98

0.93-1.03

0.98

0.93-1.03

Divorced/Separate

 

1.69*

1.60-1.78

1.69*

1.60-1.78

1.68*

1.59-1.78

1.73*

1.63-1.85

1.73*

1.63-1.85

Widow

 

1.13*

1.06-1.20

1.13*

1.06-1.20

1.13*

1.06-1.20

1.13*

1.05-1.21

1.13*

1.05-1.21

Standard of living

           

Quartile 4

 

ref.

 

ref.

 

ref.

 

ref.

 

ref.

 

Quartile 1

 

1.01

0.97-1.06

1.01

0.97-1.06

1.01

0.97-1.06

1.02

0.98-1.08

1.02

0.98-1.08

Quartile 2

 

0.97

0.93-1.02

0.97

0.93-1.02

0.97

0.93-1.02

0.98

0.93-1.03

0.98

0.93-1.03

Quartile 3

 

0.99

0.95-1.04

0.99

0.95-1.04

0.99

0.95-1.04

0.99

0.94-1.04

0.99

0.94-1.04

Professional status

           

Employees/Self-employment

 

ref.

 

ref.

 

ref.

 

ref.

 

ref.

 

Retired/pre-retired

 

0.85*

0.80-0.90

0.85*

0.80-0.90

0.84*

0.80-0.89

0.82*

0.77-0.87

0.82*

0.77-0.87

Student

 

0.42*

0.39-0.46

0.42*

0.39-0.46

0.42*

0.39-0.46

0.44*

0.40-0.48

0.44*

0.40-0.48

Other

 

1.42*

1.36-1.45

1.42*

1.36-1.45

1.42*

1.36-1.48

1.41*

1.34-1.47

1.41*

1.34-1.47

Density of dentists

           

>7

   

ref.

     

ref.

 

<6

   

1.06

0.55-2.05

    

0.90

0.53-1.50

6-7

   

1.12

0.60-2.11

    

0.78

0.46-1.33

Human development Index

           

HDI group 3 (HDI > = 0.952)

     

ref.

   

ref.

 

HDI group 1 (HDI < = 0.874)

     

2.00*

1.10-3.67

  

1.59

0.85-2.97

HDI group 2 (HDI: 0.874 - 0.952)

     

0.78

0.46-1.32

  

0.63

0.39-1.00

Codecare

           

1

       

ref.

 

ref.

 

0

       

0.75

0.45-1.25

0.76

0.47-1.23

Random effects

           

Level 2 : between country variation

1.46*

1.50*

1.18-1.92

1.48*

1.18-1.88

1.31*

1.11-1.54

1.32*

1.09-1.59

1.18*

1.05-1.32

Intraclass coefficient (ICC)

10.28%

11.01%

 

10.72%

 

7.61%

 

7.77%

 

4.75%

 

−2 log likelihood

176679

129187

 

129187

 

129178

 

190685

 

109675

 

Number of countries

24

24

 

24

 

24

 

20

 

20

 
  1. Calculated by the authors.
  2. (*)Significant to the error threshold of 5%
  3. Abbreviations: EU-SILC European Union Survey Statistic on Income and Living Conditions, OR Odds Ratio, CI Confidence Interval.
  4. Eurostat, EU-SILC 2007.
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International Journal for Equity in Health

ISSN: 1475-9276

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