Health related social exclusion in Europe: a multilevel study of the role of welfare generosity

Table 1 Welfare generosity and proportions of individuals (aged 25–59 years) within countries reporting non-participation in formal and informal networks, poor health, non-employment and educational attainment (%)

Country	Welfare generosity	Non-participation – formal	Non-participation – informal	Poor health	Non-employed	Primary	Secondary	Tertiary
Norway	220.75	34.6	5.69	4.27	12.61	9.02	33.14	57.83
Denmark	180.83	39.21	8.66	3.58	14.72	12.87	34.62	52.51
Netherland	176.06	49.93	6.88	3.25	28.11	32.6	27.75	39.65
Switzerland	173.94	36.65	7.77	2.14	23.59	17.42	48.4	34.18
Sweden	162.66	58.52	10.06	3.35	9.6	33.27	31.5	35.23
United Kingdom	127.31	49.91	20.81	4.55	20.77	37.18	12.23	50.59
Finland	113.82	59.7	12.82	2.39	15.71	16.0	41.15	42.84
Austria	112.34	42.14	11.68	2.69	20.49	13.52	66.9	19.57
Germany	109.66	49.92	17.78	6.93	27.29	7.08	58.03	34.9
Ireland	108.63	44.32	25.11	2.61	30.99	28.72	22.69	48.59
France	96.44	49.73	12.72	5.22	20.63	19.95	47.22	32.83
Belgium	93.69	50.3	13.08	3.17	24.36	21.88	40.1	38.02
Spain	72.81	56.03	8.84	4.92	21.75	42.47	19.39	38.14
Slovenia	63.11	52.98	28.55	6.17	27.14	16.83	56.3	26.88
Portugal	61.29	76.36	4.94	8.34	24.82	68.17	17.86	13.97
Cyprus	55.70	75.9	27.92	2.14	28.97	19.27	52.34	28.39
Hungary	34.43	80.43	47.66	11.41	31.31	23.45	53.47	23.08
Slovakia^b	26.84	74.4	19.71	5.78	26.44	10.28	75.42	14.3
Estonia	24.95	78.8	23.75	5.69	15.42	10.24	44.75	45.01
Poland	17.88	81.67	40.41	8.27	33.27	15.24	64.36	20.4
Bulgaria	11.99	89.23	22.66	9.31	33.46	23.1	51.57	25.33

Source: ESS3 2006/7 [45]. A design weight (dweight) has been applied in the ESS dataset to correct for different probabilities of selection.
Source: Eurostat, ESSPROS (welfare generosity) [47].
^bDue to lack of social spending data on housing and social exclusion for Slovakia for the year 2006, we have included the mean of the years 2002–2004.

ISSN: 1475-9276