Healthcare access and mammography screening in Michigan: a multilevel cross-sectional study

Table 2 Characteristics of 2008 SCBRFS Participants

Characteristic	White (N = 836)	Black (N = 327)	P-Value
Age
50-60	52.74	55.99	0.32
61-74	47.26	44.01
Income ($)
< 35,000	31.86	40.98	< 0.001
35,000-74,999	32.37	23.83
> 75,000	17.81	9.53
Missing	17.98	25.66
Employment
Employed	47.38	36.13	< 0.001
Unemployed	18.07	15.31
Retired/Unable	34.55	47.88
Education
Less than High School	41.05	40.86	0.48
Some College	34.82	36.28
College plus	24.01	22.28
Marital Status
Single	2.46	13.40	< 0.001
Married	77.56	31.16
Divorced/Separated	11.79	29.00
Widowed	8.10	25.46
Usual Source of Care
Yes	90.28	95.47	0.001
No	9.69	3.99
Usual Healthcare Provider
Yes	91.35	91.42	0.24
No	8.59	8.04
Family History of Breast Cancer
Yes	18.68	16.38	0.35
No	80.96	83.62
Past Diagnosis of Breast Cancer
Yes	5.42	10.04	0.02
No	94.21	89.72
Health Insurance Status
Yes	92.85	92.33	0.09
No	7.15	7.12
Smoking
Yes	43.92	56.77	< 0.001
No	56.08	42.77
Facilities ^a
Low	37.48	79.66	< 0.001
High	62.52	20.34
Personnel ^a
Low	65.17	4.42	< 0.001
High	34.83	95.58
Concentrated Affluence ^b
Low	55.85	8.69	< 0.001
High	44.15	91.31
Concentrated Disadvantage ^c
Low	78.35	16.85	< 0.001
High	21.65	83.15
Concentrated Immigration ^d
Low	68.21	14.36	< 0.001
High	31.79	85.64
Percent Black
< 6%	49.15	0.73	< 0.001
> = 6%	50.85	99.27
Recent Mammography ^e
Yes	87.57	89.14	0.09
No	8.68	9.52
Missing	3.76	1.34
Recent CBE ^f
Yes	86.82	86.24	0.29
No	11.25	10.32
Missing	1.93	3.44
Follow-up Time ^g
< 2 weeks	26.69	25.12	0.01
> = 2 weeks	11.16	5.86
No follow-up required	62.15	69.02

^aPersonnel and Facilities, two measures of health care access were defined using principal components analysis on the count per 10,000 population of several variables by county: hospitals, mammography facilities, MDs, DOs and nurse practitioners
^bConcentrated affluence was based on PCA of county level proportion of individuals making over $100,000, proportion over 25 years with a college degree and the proportion of white collar workers
^cConcentrated disadvantage was based on PCA of county level proportion of persons in poverty, proportion of families with a female-headed household, proportion of households that are food stamp recipients, and proportion of unemployed
^dConcentrated immigration was based on PCA of the proportion of foreign born individuals and the proportion of non-English speaking individuals
^eRecent mammography defined as the receipt of a mammography test in the past 2 years
^fRecent CBE defined as the receipt of a clinical breast examination in the past 2 years
^gFollow-up time defined as the number of days before receipt of final results among women with an abnormal breast exam in the past 10 years

ISSN: 1475-9276