Table 6 Decomposition of spatial effect of the determinants on the health expenditure
From: Determinants of China’s health expenditure growth: based on Baumol’s cost disease theory
THE | GHE | SHE | OOP | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | (5) | (6) | (7) | (8) | (9) | (10) | (11) | (12) | |
Variables | Direct effects | Indirect effects | Total effects | Direct effects | Indirect effects | Total effects | Direct effects | Indirect effects | Total effects | Direct effects | Indirect effects | Total effects |
dlnPOP65 | 0.0285 (0.0541) | 0.103 (0.311) | 0.131 (0.321) | 0.123*** (0.0375) | −0.0847 (0.243) | 0.0380 (0.234) | − 0.0377 (0.0700) | 0.548 (0.380) | 0.511 (0.390) | 0.00694 (0.0935) | −0.0171 (0.365) | − 0.0101 (0.402) |
dlnGDP | 0.629* (0.349) | 3.699*** (1.336) | 4.327*** (1.300) | 0.0444 (0.478) | −1.742 (1.742) | −1.698 (1.609) | 0.834 (0.561) | 6.508*** (1.906) | 7.342*** (1.878) | 0.496 (0.560) | 3.492 (2.732) | 3.988 (2.529) |
BV | 0.0296*** (0.00460) | 0.0783*** (0.0299) | 0.108*** (0.0314) | 0.0223*** (0.00587) | 0.00533 (0.0238) | 0.0276 (0.0254) | 0.0379*** (0.00797) | 0.110*** (0.0399) | 0.148*** (0.0413) | 0.0241*** (0.00634) | 0.0705* (0.0422) | 0.0946** (0.0417) |
dlnRD | 0.164** (0.0653) | 0.671 (0.414) | 0.835* (0.446) | 0.159* (0.0934) | −0.0899 (0.384) | 0.0687 (0.370) | 0.223*** (0.0600) | 0.920** (0.409) | 1.143*** (0.423) | 0.133 (0.0844) | 0.479 (0.439) | 0.611 (0.477) |
dlnBED | −0.00317 (0.0568) | 0.548 (0.369) | 0.545 (0.356) | 0.163* (0.0890) | 0.308 (0.249) | 0.471* (0.281) | −0.191* (0.111) | −0.149 (0.398) | − 0.340 (0.353) | 0.130* (0.0738) | 1.334** (0.547) | 1.464*** (0.524) |
dlnDOC | −0.0150 (0.0297) | −0.263 (0.173) | −0.278* (0.157) | − 0.0855*** (0.0196) | −0.0539 (0.109) | − 0.139 (0.112) | 0.0273 (0.0548) | − 0.117 (0.195) | −0.0899 (0.167) | 0.00544 (0.0523) | −0.496** (0.240) | − 0.491** (0.217) |
dlnOUTP | 0.135 (0.139) | 1.488* (0.904) | 1.623* (0.949) | −0.262 (0.183) | 0.858 (0.839) | 0.595 (0.898) | 0.341 (0.312) | 1.142 (1.117) | 1.483 (1.201) | 0.406 (0.260) | 2.808** (1.422) | 3.215** (1.586) |
dlnINP | −0.0698 (0.189) | −1.186 (0.877) | −1.256 (0.810) | −0.183 (0.150) | − 0.772* (0.448) | −0.955** (0.475) | 0.309 (0.338) | −0.702 (1.150) | − 0.393 (0.990) | −0.460* (0.252) | −1.987* (1.179) | −2.448** (1.054) |