Effects of material hardship on depression among adults in South Korea: insights from by the Korea Welfare Panel Study 2008–2017

Table 4 GEE analysis of each material hardship dimension

Material hardship dimensions	CESD-11
	No → No	No → Yes			Yes → No			Yes → Yes
	ß*	ß*	S.E	P value	ß*	S.E	P value	ß*	S.E	P value
Male
Food hardship	Ref	2.46	0.26	< .0001	0.67	0.21	0.0016	3.29	0.43	< .0001
Housing hardship	Ref	2.02	0.57	0.0004	0.13	0.45	0.7678	1.54	0.75	0.0408
Paying utilization bills hardship	Ref	1.02	0.36	0.0047	0.37	0.25	0.1380	1.53	0.58	0.0083
Financial hardship	Ref	0.68	0.35	0.0478	-0.10	0.28	0.7258	0.87	0.32	0.0065
Education hardship	Ref	0.01	0.72	0.9859	1.35	0.78	0.0817	0.52	1.61	0.7468
Medical care hardship	Ref	1.54	0.48	0.0012	0.28	0.38	0.4718	-0.44	0.84	0.6005
Female
Food hardship	Ref	3.70	0.31	< .0001	1.08	0.27	< .0001	4.05	0.44	< .0001
Housing hardship	Ref	3.36	0.68	< .0001	0.42	0.60	0.4873	3.30	1.15	0.0040
Paying utilization bills hardship	Ref	0.90	0.47	0.0570	-0.19	0.39	0.6189	1.10	0.76	0.1510
Financial hardship	Ref	1.09	0.51	0.0319	0.25	0.36	0.4831	0.90	0.45	0.0430
Education hardship	Ref	0.49	1.08	0.6481	-1.15	0.96	0.2311	-1.58	1.87	0.3978
Medical care hardship	Ref	2.66	0.64	< .0001	0.12	0.52	0.8239	3.63	1.46	0.0133

ISSN: 1475-9276