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Table 2 Generalized estimating equation (GEE) analysis of factors associated with CESD-11

From: Effects of material hardship on depression among adults in South Korea: insights from by the Korea Welfare Panel Study 2008–2017

Variables

CESD-11

Male

Female

ß

S.E

P value

ß

S.E

P value

Change in material hardship

 No → No

Ref

  

Ref

  

 No → Yes

2.28

0.20

 < .0001

3.41

0.26

 < .0001

 Yes → No

0.45

0.16

0.0045

0.84

0.21

 < .0001

 Yes → Yes

2.82

0.24

 < .0001

3.98

0.30

 < .0001

Prior year depression status

 No

Ref

  

Ref

  

 Yes

3.14

0.19

 < .0001

2.93

0.18

 < .0001

Age (years)

 19–29

Ref

  

Ref

  

 30–39

0.84

0.19

 < .0001

0.19

0.22

0.3794

 40–49

1.30

0.20

 < .0001

0.02

0.24

0.9372

 50–59

1.95

0.24

 < .0001

0.76

0.28

0.0068

 60–69

2.30

0.26

 < .0001

1.09

0.32

0.0007

  ≥ 70

3.52

0.27

 < .0001

2.90

0.33

 < .0001

Region

 Metropolitan

Ref

  

Ref

  

 Rural

-0.17

0.11

0.1190

-0.04

0.13

0.7340

Education level

 Middle school or under

0.72

0.19

0.0002

1.44

0.25

 < .0001

 High school

0.10

0.13

0.4331

0.33

0.17

0.0496

 College or above

Ref

  

Ref

  

Marital status

 Living w spouse

Ref

  

Ref

  

 Living w/o spouse

2.15

0.15

 < .0001

1.36

0.16

 < .0001

Income level

 Low

1.98

0.15

 < .0001

2.05

0.18

 < .0001

 Lower middle

1.00

0.11

 < .0001

1.13

0.14

 < .0001

 Upper middle

0.56

0.09

 < .0001

0.53

0.12

 < .0001

 High

Ref

  

Ref

  

NBLGS* status

 Non-beneficiary

Ref

  

Ref

  

 Beneficiary

2.05

0.30

 < .0001

1.93

0.30

 < .0001

Current smoking status

 Non-smoker

Ref

  

Ref

  

 Current smoker

0.69

0.10

 < .0001

1.72

0.40

 < .0001

Alcohol consumption

 Non-drinkers

Ref

  

Ref

  

 Once a week or less

-0.59

0.11

 < .0001

-0.11

0.12

0.3700

 2–3 times a week

-0.70

0.13

 < .0001

0.09

0.23

0.6883

 More than 4 times a week

-0.26

0.16

0.0920

0.59

0.43

0.1741

Disability status

 Not disabled

Ref

  

Ref

  

 Disabled (no grade, grade 4–7)

0.96

0.22

 < .0001

1.09

0.33

0.0011

 Disabled (grade 1–3)

2.62

0.40

 < .0001

2.05

0.55

0.0002

Chronic diseases

 No

Ref

  

Ref

  

 Yes

1.02

0.09

 < .0001

1.23

0.13

 < .0001

Year

 2009

Ref

  

Ref

  

 2010

-1.10

0.17

 < .0001

0.95

0.84

0.2608

 2011

-1.52

0.16

 < .0001

-0.01

0.82

0.9913

 2012

-2.32

0.16

 < .0001

-2.45

0.73

0.0008

 2013

-1.97

0.16

 < .0001

-2.57

0.69

0.0002

 2014

-1.09

0.16

 < .0001

-1.90

0.69

0.0060

 2015

-2.43

0.16

 < .0001

-2.96

0.70

 < .0001

 2016

-2.34

0.17

 < .0001

-2.99

0.69

 < .0001

 2017

-2.28

0.17

 < .0001

-3.17

0.69

 < .0001

  1. *NBLGS The National Basic Livelihood Guarantee System