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Table 3 Characteristics and main findings of studies included in this review

From: Assessing evidence of interventions addressing inequity among migrant populations: a two-stage systematic review

Author, year

Study design

Inter-vention typea

Intervention details

Migrants

PROGRESS-PLUS factorb

Outcomes

Findings

Origin

Host country

Bastini R 2015

Cluster-randomized trial

2

Church-based intervention; single-session small-group discussion supplemented by print materials (Intervention vs Control group)

Korean

US

 

HBV testing receipt at 6-month follow up

Overall, the intervention produced a statistically significant intervention effect [OR 4.9, P < 0.001; 95% CI 2.4–9.9], with 19% of intervention and 6% of control group participants reporting receipt of HBV serologic test at the 6-month follow up

R - Religion

Statistically significant intervention effects were observed within small (OR 5.3,1.7–16.5, p 0.004), medium (OR 6.4,2.5–16.3,p < 0.001), and non-Koreatown churches (OR 8.6,3.9–19.4,p < 0.001), compared to control group

Randomized participants excluding those from large, Koreatown churches with documented contamination, the overall effect of the intervention remained significant (OR 5.7,3.1–10.3, p < 0.001) and statistically significant intervention effects were also observed among large and Koreatown churches.

Braschi CD 2014

RCT

1

Patient navigation (PN) calls prior to the screening colonoscopy procedure. Written bowel preparation instructions were mailed after the scheduling call: [1] Enhanced PN: culturally targeted message emphasizing importance of SC for Latinos and attended to patients’ concerns [2] Standard PN

Latin

US

 

Screening colonoscopy (SC) completion

Overall: There was no difference in SC completion between PN groups (80.9 and 79.0%).

R1 - Language acculturation

Logisitic regression: The language acculturation subscale was predictor of colonoscopy completion (P < =0.000, OR = 2.223, 95%CI 1.470–3.361)

S1 - Annual income

Annual income above $10,000 (OR = 1.97, 1.09–3.56, p0.026) was independent predictors of completion, compared with income below $10,000

S1 - Insurance

Insurance type was not the predictor of completion (OR for private/self-pay 2.54, 0.82–3.68, p = 0.11, compared to Medicare/Medicaid)

Chiang CY 2009

Pre/Post Quasi-experimental

2

Culturally modified walking (CMW): 8-week walking program and encouragement from older adult in community or church authority (Intervention vs control group)

Chinese

US

E - Education

Duration of walking

Subjects with lower education walked more than those with higher education (F 4.3, p < 0.05) in the intervention group

Blood pressure

The SBP of subjects with higher education decreased more at posttest than those with lower education (F 5.02, p < 0.05) in the intervention group

R - Religion

Duration of walking

Taoists or Buddhists walked more than those were Christians, including Catholics (F 3.13, p < 0.05)

Blood pressure

No differences among religions

S - Socioeconomics (State of Change; SOC)

Duration of walking

Duration of walking was significantly different between the preparation and maintenance stages (F 3.97, p < 0.05) (support in relation to the main effect of SOC)

Elder JP 2000

Quasi-experimental

1

Incorporating nutritional behavior change materials into English-language curricula

Latin

US

  

Overall: The intervention and control group changed differentially on total cholesterol: HDL ratio(F3.57,p < 0.05), systolic blood pressure(F4.04,p < 0.05), fat avoidance(F11.56,p < 0.001), nutrition knowledge(F20.67,p < 0.001), and stress knowledge (F27.62,p < 0.001]

R - Language (Spanish literacy)

Nutrition knowledge

Nutrition knowledge gain was greater among those with medium and high Spanish literacy than among those with low literacy (Mentioned in the result of study but data are not shown in term of value)

Fang CY 2007

2group Pre/Post Quasi-experimental

1

2-h small-group education session focused on cervical cancer risk factors, prevalence rates, and the benefits of screening and early detection, particularly in relation to the life roles of Asian women e.g., social norms, family responsibilities (Intervention vs control group)

Korean

US

 

Screening behavior

Screening rates were significantly higher in the intervention group (83%) compared with the control group (22%), ×2 [1] = 41.22, P < 0.001

S1 - Marital status

Multivariate logistic regression: The marital status was not associated with screening uptake (OR 0.78 (0.17–3.49) p = 0.74)

S1 - Insurance

Multivariate logistic regression: The insurance status was significant associated with screening uptake (OR 9.53 (1.30–69.66) p = 0.03)

Jandorf L 2008

RCT

2,3

Culturally Specific Educational Program: educate about breast and cervical cancers and the importance of routine screening (Intervention vs control group)

Latin

US

S1 - Marital status

Clinical Breast Examination (CBE)

Women who were married or living with partners were significantly MORE LIKELY to be adherent for CBE (OR 2.0, 1.1.-3.7, p = 0.0303) at the follow-up as compared with those who were not

Breast Self-Examination (BSE)

No different BSE screening at follow-up among marital status

Mammogram

No different Mammography at follow-up among marital status

Pap smear

No different Pap test at follow-up among marital status

  

Overall: Screening rates were significantly higher for the intervention versus the control group for: CBE; 48% vs. 31%; adjusted OR 2.2 (1.1–4.2), BSE (45% vs. 27%; aOR 2.3; 1.1–5.0), and Pap testing (51% vs. 30%; aOR 3.9; 1.1–14.1), but not for mammography (67% vs. 58%; aOR 0.7; 0.1–3.6)

Jimenez-Fuentes MA 2013

RCT

1

two approaches for the treatment of latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI): 6 months of isoniazid (6H) vs. 3 months of isoniazid plus rifampicin (3RH).

Eastern Europe/ South and central America/ Africa/ Asia

Spain

E - Education

non-adherence to preventive chemotherapy of TB

Variables associated with non- adherencewere diagnosis by illegal immigration status (OR 1.48,95%CI 1.01–2.15, P = 0.03), unemployment (OR 1.91,95%CI 1.28–2.85, P = 0.0008), illiteracy (OR 1.73,95%CI 1.04–2.88, P = 0.02), lack of family support (OR 3.7, 95%CI 2.54–5.4, P = 0.001)

S - Immigration status

S - Labor status

S - Family status

G - Gender

Gender was not associated with non- adherence (OR 1.4, 0.77–1.69, p 0.49, compared male to female)

 

Overall: the rate of adherence was greater in the 3RH than in the 6H arm (72% vs. 52.4%, P = 0.001)

Kagawa-Singer M 2009

Quasi-experimental

2

Culturally informed educational program: education sessions with video, games, flipchart about importance and step of breast cancer screening (Intervention city vs Non-intervention city)

Hmong

US

E - Education

Breast Self-Examination (BSE)

subgroup analysis: BSE screening receipt increased in participants with No schooling in US in the intervention group with OR 4.32 (1.05, 17.71) (p < 0.05) compared with control group

Clinical Breast Examination (CBE)

No difference in CBE receipt among education in US between 2 groups

Mammogram

No difference in mammogram among education in US between 2 groups

  

Overall: The intervention group significantly predicted increases in all 3 breast cancer screenings after controll for years in US, age, marital status, language, years of education, and health insurance status (OR for BSE 20.06,3.08–130.79,p < 0.001; OR for CBE 12.16,1.44–102.74,p < 0.05; OR for mammogram 6.75,1.55–29.39,p < 0.01)

Mishra SI 2007

RCT

2

Breast Cancer Education Program: booklets; skill building and behavioral exercises; and interactive group discussionsessions

Samoan

US

P – Place of origin

Mammogram receipt

No differences mammogram receipt among country of birth

S - Marital status

Marital status with current married increased self-reported receipt of mammogram compared with currently single status with OR 1.31 (1.01, 1.70) p = 0.041

S - Employment status

Employed status increased self-reported receipt of mammogram compared with unemployed status with OR 1.48 (1.15, 1.13) p = 0.005

E - Education

No differences mammogram receipt among education level

S - Insurance status

No differences mammogram receipt among insurance status

S – Family income

Annual family income ≥ $20,000 increased self-reported receipt of mammogram compared with income under $10,000 with OR 1.53 (1.10, 2.12) p = 0.012

R – Language of interview

No differences mammogram receipt among language of interview with Samoan compared to English

’PLUS’ Others - Age

No differences mammogram receipt among age group

 

Overall, there was no statistically significant intervention effect with OR 1.26 (0.74–2.14) p = 0.39 compared with control group

Nguyen TT 2009

RCT

3

Compare Lay health workers and media education program (LHW + ME) with Media education (ME): group session with flip chart andbooklet as the basis for factual information and for motivation, 2 phone calls with in 1–2 month to explain and using media education via TV & radio advertisements, newspaper advertisements & articles

Vietnamese

US

Mammogram

The LHW + ME group increased receipt of mammography ever and mammography in the past 2 years (84.1 to 91.6% and 64.7 to 82.1%, p 0.001) while the ME group did not

Overall: after controlling for LHW agency, baseline mammogram receipt status, age, English proficiency, years in the U.S., education, employment, marital status, family history of breast cancer, household clusters, and health insurance with OR 3.62 (1.35–9.76)

S1 - Insurance

Multivariate analysis: Participants with Health insurance increased mammogram receipt within 2 years compared with no insurance with OR 2.84 (1.73, 4.69)

Others - Age

Multivariate analysis: Participants with 40–49 year of age decreased mammogram receipt within 2 years compared with 50–64 year of age with OR 0.51 (0.30, 0.87)

Clinical Breast Examination (CBE)

The rate for ever having had CBE increased in both the ME and LHW + ME groups, with the LHW + ME group having a significantly greater increase (17.1% vs 5.9%, p < 0.01). Similarly, receipt of a CBE within the past 2 years increased in both groups, with the LHW + ME group having a significantly greater increase (23.1% vs 4.2%,p < 0.001).

The intervention group OR for ever having had a CBE was 2.94 (1.63–5.30) and for having had a CBE within the past 2 years was 3.04 (2.11–4.37) compared with control (ME) group

S1 - Insurance

Multivariate analysis: No differences in CBE receipt within 2 years among participant with or without insurance

Others - Age

Multivariate analysis: Participants with ≥65 year of age decreased CBE receipt within 2 years compared with 50–64 year of age with OR 0.51 (0.31, 0.83)

Raberg Kjollesdal MK 2011

RCT

1,2

Group sessions with culturally adapted materials and discussion: focused on the importance of diet and physical activity for blood glucose regulation (Intervention vs control group)

Pakistan

Norway

E - Education

Food perceptions in terms of health

Changes in perceptions in the intervention group were not significantly related to age,number of years in Norway, years of education or commandof Norwegian language, with the exception that those with higher education have changed the perception of legumes as good for the body (OR 1.13,p = 0.01)

Taylor VM 2011

RCT

2

Classes (3 h/sesssion) in English as a second language (ESL) curriculum addressing HBV (Intervention vs control group)

Asian (China/India/Iran/Others)

US

 

Hepatitis B knowledge scores

Mean scores 3.68 (SD 1.12) among experimental group and 2.87 (SD 1.38) among control group (P < 0.001) and remained highly significant (P < 0.001) after adjustment for other variables.

R - Country of origin

Mean scores were higher among experimental group from China, India, Iran, and other Asian countries than their control group counterparts, and the differences between the 2 groups were significant (P < 0.05) for China and other Asian countries

Wang X 2010

Quasi-experimental

2,3

Community-based pilot intervention that combined cervical cancer education with patient navigation on cervical cancer screening behaviors

Chinese

US

Cervical-cancer screening rate (at 12 month follow-up)

Overall, Screening rates were significantly higher in the intervention group (70%) compared to the control group (11.1%), p < 0.001

R - Language (English proficiency)

Women with poorer English fluency were less likely to obtain screening (OR 0.30, 0.10–0.89, p < 0.05), compared to English fluency

S1 - Insurance

Women who did not have health insurance were less likely to obtain screening (OR 0.15, 0.02–0.96, p < 0.05), compared to women with health insurance

Others - Age

12-month screening behavior was associated with older age (OR 1.08,1.01–1.15, p < 0.05)

  1. aType of intervention: 1-Individual directed, 2-Community education, 3-Peer navigator-related, 4-Access-enhancing
  2. bData on health equity: PROGRESS-Plus - Place of residence, Race/ethnicity/culture/language, Occupation, Gender/sex, Religion, Education, Socioeconomic status, Social capital and “Plus” to indicate other possible factors such as disease status or disability