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Table 1 Mean, mean difference, and percent difference of neighborhood-level characteristics of the first quintile (Q1, lowest access) and fifth quintile (Q5, highest access) of spatial accessibility to pediatric primary care in 2015 Philadelphia, PA

From: Spatial accessibility to pediatric primary care in Philadelphia: an area-level cross sectional analysis

Neighborhood variable

Spatial access Q1

Spatial access Q5

Q5-Q1

% Differencea

% non-Hispanic Black

0.55

0.24

−0.31

129.2*

% Hispanic

0.07

0.06

−0.01

16.7

% non-Hispanic Asian

0.03

0.06

0.30

50.0

SES Factor Scoreb

−4.96

0.825

5.80

701.2*

% < 5 years of age

0.08

0.06

−0.02

33.3

% < 18 years of age

0.26

0.18

− 0.08

44.4

% persons with high school education or more

0.80

0.86

0.06

7.0

median household income

34,564.5

42,750.0

8185

19.1

% households with public assistance

0.10

0.06

−0.03

66.7

Gini Index of income inequalityc

0.44

0.49

0.05

10.2

% persons below poverty level (all ages)

0.27

0.27

0.00

0.0

% persons less than 18 below poverty level

0.40

0.21

−0.19

90.5*

% under 18 with private health insurance only

0.30

0.49

0.19

38.8

% under 18 with public health insurance only

0.61

0.39

−0.22

56.4*

% under 18 with no health insurance coverage

0.03

0.03

0.00

0.0

% unemployed

0.17

0.11

−0.06

54.5*

% single parent household with children under 18

0.21

0.10

−0.11

110.0*

% of occupied housing units with > 1 person per room

0.02

0.02

−0.00

0.0

Density of violent crime per 10,000 people

259.9

184.7

−75.2

40.7

Density of drug offenses per 10,000 people

26.3

12.7

−13.6

107.1*

% housing units with no vehicle available

0.33

0.36

0.03

8.3

  1. *significant difference of means at p = 0.05 using unpaired t-test
  2. a% difference = |Q5 – Q1|/ Q5
  3. bnon-weighted score based on 6 measures: (1) median value of occupied housing units, (2) % persons 25 years of age and older with a high school education or more, (3) % persons 25 years of age and older with a Bachelor’s degree or more, (4) % residents with management, professional, or related occupation, (5) median household income, (6) % house with interest, dividends, or net rental income
  4. csummarizes the allocation of money in an area. 0 corresponds to perfectly equal income distribution among residents. 1 corresponds to perfect inequality, a single resident receiving all the income for the area [26]