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Table 5 Adjusted logistic regression of education and self-reported unmet need for oral health services, adults aged 50 years and over in China, Ghana, and India, 2007-2010a

From: Socioeconomic inequality in self-reported unmet need for oral health services in adults aged 50 years and over in China, Ghana, and India

 

China (N = 1591)

Adjusted Model

Ghana (N = 425)

Adjusted Model

India (N = 1307)

Adjusted Model

OR (CI)

p-value

OR (CI)

p-value

OR (CI)

p-value

Education

University

1.00

 

1.00

 

1.00

 

Secondary

1.59 (0.64–3.95)

0.321

3.86 (1.05–14.15)

0.042

4.29 (1.44–12.77)

0.009

Primary

1.70 (0.64–4.49)

0.281

3.44 (1.04–11.35)

0.042

4.44 (1.38–14.27)

0.013

No schooling

2.87 (1.04–7.89)

0.041

8.26 (2.81–24.31)

p < 0.001

7.05 (2.14–23.19)

0.001

Sex

Female

1.00

 

1.00

 

1.00

 

Male

1.19 (0.91–1.56)

0.209

1.67 (0.79–3.51)

0.178

2.11 (1.27–3.50)

0.004

Age (years)

50–59

1.00

 

1.00

 

1.00

 

60–69

1.22 (0.92–1.61)

0.171

1.67 (0.84–3.33)

0.141

1.39 (0.96–2.02)

0.083

70–79

1.53 (1.09–2.15)

0.015

0.69 (0.33–1.46)

0.330

2.40 (1.48–3.89)

p < 0.001

 

80+

2.76 (1.50–5.07)

0.002

1.26 (0.41–3.92)

0.685

2.53 (1.20–5.30)

0.014

Residence

Urban

1.00

 

1.00

 

1.00

 

Rural

2.54 (1.82–3.56)

p < 0.001

1.57 (0.85–2.90)

0.152

0.92 (0.53–1.59)

0.768

Marital status

Married

1.00

 

1.00

 

1.00

 

Divorce

0.93 (0.71–1.22)

0.597

1.20 (0.59–2.47)

0.608

1.02 (0.70–1.49)

0.908

Never married

1.18 (0.32–4.44)

0.800

0.08 (0.01–1.64)

0.099

4.78 (0.82–27.88)

0.082

Work status

Current worker

1.00

 

1.00

 

1.00

 

Non-current

1.31 (0.88–1.96)

0.179

1.11 (0.55–2.25)

0.767

1.49 (0.99–2.22)

0.053

Never worked

1.64 (0.92–2.90)

0.091

n/a

n/a

1.69 (1.01–2.83)

0.047

Self-rated health

Good

1.00

 

1.00

 

1.00

 

Moderate

1.01 (0.75–1.33)

0.992

1.59 (0.82–3.08)

0.172

1.09 (0.63–1.89)

0.749

Bad

1.23 (0.92–1.64)

0.162

1.21 (0.55–2.65)

0.635

0.86 (0.47–1.57)

0.620

  1. aData source – WHO Study on global AGEing and adult health (SAGE), 2007–2010
  2. [OR (CI)] Adjusted Odds Ratios and 95% Confidence Intervals
  3. Statistical significance set at p < 0.05 (logistic regression)
  4. [n/a] No result due to no observation in the “never worked” group
  5. All significant estimates are bolded