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Table 3 Logistic regression models of the association between inpatient services utilisation and SES or health need

From: Is healthcare really equal for all? Assessing the horizontal and vertical equity in healthcare utilisation among older Ghanaians

Variable

Crude model

Adjusted models

OR [CI]

Model 1a

Model 2b

Model 3c

OR [95% CI]

OR [95% CI]

OR [95% CI]

Age in years

 50–59

1

1

1

1

 60–69

1.06 [0.81,1.39]

0.96 [0.73,1.27]

0.93 [0.70,1.24]

0.93 [0.71,1.24]

 70–79

1.14 [0.83,1.56]

0.93 [0.68,1.28]

0.90 [0.64,1.28]

0.90 [0.63,1.27]

 80+

1.43 [0.91,2.27]

1.08 [0.68,1.72]

1.02 [0.64,1.61]

1.01 [0.64,1.60]

Sex

 Male

1

1

1

1

 Female

0.80 [0.63,1.02]

0.75* [0.59,0.96]

0.74* [0.56,0.93]

0.73* [0.57,0.95]

Residence

 Rural

1

1

1

1

 Urban

1.58** [1.20,2.08]

1.44* [1.07,1.95]

1.60** [1.19,2.14]

1.47* [1.08,1.98]

Health insurance

 No

1

1

1

1

 Yes

1.42** [1.11,1.83]

1.28* [1.01,1.66]

1.36** [1.07,1.74]

1.31* [1.02,1.69]

Education level

 None

1

–

1

1

 Primary

0.93 [0.67,1.28]

–

0.92 [0.65,1.29]

0.89 [0.64,1.24]

 Secondary

1.03 [0.75,1.42]

–

0.91 [0.64,1.29]

0.85 [0.59,1.21]

 Tertiary

0.77 [0.41,1.47]

–

0.60 [0.31,1.18]

0.53 [0.27,1.04]

Wealth quintile

 1 (Lowest)

1

1

–

1

 2

1.24 [0.82,1.88]

1.24 [0.81,1.90]

–

1.26 [0.83,1.93]

 3

1.15 [0.77,1.73]

1.09 [0.74,1.61]

–

1.13 [0.76,1.67]

 4

1.38 [0.91,2.07]

1.20 [0.78,1.83]

–

1.27 [0.83,1.94]

 5 (Highest)

1.80** [1.20,2.70]

1.43 [0.91,2.23]

–

1.56 [0.99,2.45]

Health status

 Very good

1

1

1

1

 Good

1.82 [0.96,3.48]

1.90 [0.99,3.66]

1.88 [0.99,3.57]

1.88 [0.98,3.61]

 Moderate

1.84 [0.95,3.57]

1.94 [0.98,3.86]

1.83 [0.96,3.60]

1.86 [0.94,3.70]

 Bad

3.75*** [1.82,7.75]

4.13*** [1.94,8.79]

3.88*** [1.84,8.17]

4.01*** [1.89,8.85]

 Very bad

3.32* [1.31,8.38]

3.67** [1.42,9.51]

3.43* [1.35,8.74]

3.60** [1.40,9.25]

Morbidity

 None

1

1

1

1

 Single

1.13 [0.86,1.49]

0.99 [0.73,1.34]

1.04 [0.77,1.39]

1.02 [0.75,1.38]

 Comorbidity

1.63*** [1.23,2.16]

1.39* [1.02,1.90]

1.42* [1.05,1.92]

1.39* [1.02,1.89]

 F-statistic

–

1.33

0.59

0.53

 dGoodness-of-fit (Prob > F)

–

0.2247

0.8044

0.8506

  1. OR – Odds Ratio with reference group as 1; CI – 95% Confidence Interval; *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001, p is p-value
  2. aModel 1 - wealth quintile is the main SES variable, adjusted for sociodemographic factors, insurance and health needs (health status and morbidity)
  3. bModel 2 - education is the main SES variable, adjusted for sociodemographic factors, insurance and health needs (health status and morbidity)
  4. cModel 3 - the full model of controlling for all variables (SES, sociodemographic factors, insurance and health needs)
  5. dGoodness-of-fit – Hosmer-Lemeshow test with greater values indicating better models