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Table 6 Effect of P4P on service utilisation by different categories of wealth status and by arm-based wealth subgroups

From: Who benefits from increased service utilisation? Examining the distributional effects of payment for performance in Tanzania

Wealth subgrouping variables

Institutional deliveries

Uptake of IPT2

Average subgroup effect

Differential effect test (p-value)

Average subgroup effect

Differential effect test (p-value)

N

Beta

N

Beta

Panel A: Wealth subgroups

 Three wealth subgroups (Terciles)

      

  T1

1940

11.4b

(p = 0.232)

1559

14.5b

(p = 0.158)

  T2

1916

10.2a

(p = 0.094)c

1576

16.2a

(p = 0.149)

  T3

1891

3.7

Reference

1622

2.6

Reference

 Five wealth subgroups (Quintiles)

      

  Q1

1170

13.8b

(p = 0.079)c

929

13.6c

(p = 0.166)

  Q2

1158

8.8c

(p = 0.069)c

939

16.3b

(p = 0.102)

  Q3

1143

8.2c

(p = 0.034)b

938

21.8a

(p = 0.120)

  Q4

1146

11.4a

(p = 0.015)b

979

14.4b

(p = 0.175)

  Q5

1130

−0.5

Reference

972

1.9

Reference

Panel B: Arm-based wealth subgroups

 Three wealth subgroups (Terciles)

      

  AT1

1917

10.2b

(p = 0.293)

1540

13.8b

(p = 0.117)

  AT2

1913

9.2b

(p = 0.156)

1568

18.3a

(p = 0.084)c

  AT3

1917

3.9c

Reference

1649

2.5

Reference

 Five wealth subgroups (Quintiles)

      

  AQ1

1149

15.3a

(p = 0.089)c

914

16.8b

(p = 0.108)

  AQ2

1151

6.6

(p = 0.230)

935

15.2b

(p = 0.139)

  AQ3

1147

12.3b

(p = 0.001)a

949

14.6b

(p = 0.156)

  AQ4

1152

9.9b

(p = 0.022)b

972

7.7

(p = 0.310)

  AQ5

1148

0.3

Reference

987

0.5

Reference

  1. adenotes significance at 1%, bat 5%, and cat 10% level; Beta is the estimated P4P effect on a specific subgroup in percentage point after controlling for a year dummy, facility-fixed effects, and individual and household-level covariates (age, education, occupation, religion, marital status, parity, health insurance status, household size, and household wealth status); Each cell for Beta and differential effect reports the result from a separate regression; Differential effect test is a t-test of the null that the coefficient on the three-way interaction between the P4P effect and subgrouping indicator is zero