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Table 1 Sample characteristics, Brazil, PNAD 2008 and PNS 2013

From: Changes in health care inequity in Brazil between 2008 and 2013

Characteristics

2008

2013

%

95 % CI

%

95 % CI

Social and demographic

 Women

52.32

[52.15,52.49]

52.9

[52.10,53.69]

Age

 18–24

17.51

[17.32,17.70]

15.93**

[15.32,16.55]

 25–34

23.23

[22.99,23.47]

21.63**

[21.00,22.26]

 35–44

20.33

[20.12,20.54]

19.19**

[18.60,19.80]

 45–54

16.87

[16.68,17.06]

17.5*

[16.92,18.09]

 55–64

11.11

[10.94,11.28]

13.46**

[12.94,14.00]

 65 +

10.95

[10.76,11.14]

12.29**

[11.76,12.85]

Race/ethnicity

 White

49.98

[49.14,50.83]

47.46**

[46.44,48.49]

 Non-white

50.02

[49.17,50.86]

52.54**

[51.51,53.56]

Rural residence

15.37

[14.43,16.35]

13.79*

[13.31,14.29]

Region

 North

7.35

[6.43,8.39]

7.44

[7.01,7.89]

 Northeast

26.42

[24.67,28.24]

26.62

[25.42,27.85]

 Southeast

44.14

[42.69,45.60]

43.79

[42.32,45.28]

 South

14.82

[14.29,15.36]

14.78

[13.89,15.72]

 Center

7.27

[7.00,7.55]

7.36

[6.96,7.79]

 Illiterate

10.6

[10.13,11.14]

8.48*

[8.03,8.95]

Education level

 Less than primary education

45.88

[45.34,46.42]

38.93**

[38.02,39.85]

 Primary complete

16.42

[16.19,16.65]

15.53*

[14.95,16.12]

 Secondary complete

29.01

[28.63,29.40]

32.80**

[32.05,33.57]

 College complete or more

8.69

[8.39,8.99]

12.74**

[11.99,13.52]

Health Status

 Fair/poor self-rated healtha

28.7

[28.34,29.05]

32.24**

[31.48,33.00]

 Activity interrupted due to health

8.93

[8.73,9.13]

8.06**

[7.65,8.49]

 At least one chronic diseaseb

31.91

[31.60,32.23]

35.34**

[34.60,36.08]

 Two or more chronic diseases

12.22

[12.01,12.43]

12.71

[12.20,13.23]

Health care coverage

 Enrolled in the Family Health

48.79

[47.78,50.10]

54.61**

[53.18,56.03]

 Enrolled in private plan

26.16

[25.64,26.69]

26.40

[25.47,27.34]

Health care utilization

 Doctor visit

69.81

[69.44,70.18]

74.20**

[73.43,74.96]

 Dentist visit

38.97

[38.53,39.43]

44.43**

[43.58,45.29]

 Hospitalizationc

6.66

[6.51,6.81]

5.73**

[5.39,6.08]

 Usual Source of Care

72.89

[72.19,73.58]

77.07**

[76.21,77.91]

Sample size (unweighted)

271,677

60,202

  1. Note: Percentages adjusted for survey design. *p-value < 0.05 **p-value < 0.001 for change between 2008 and 2013
  2. aMeasured by a five-point Likert scale going from excellent to very poor and recoded into a dummy variable with ‶1″ representing excellent or good and ‶0″ representing fair, poor and very poor
  3. bChronic diseases included arthritis, cancer, diabetes, bronchitis/asthma, hypertension, heart disease, kidney failure, and depression
  4. cHospitalization rate excluded hospitalization due to birth of a child and adjusted for age structure using standard population from 2010
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International Journal for Equity in Health

ISSN: 1475-9276

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