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Table 1 Household socio-economic characteristics

From: Can health insurance protect against out-of-pocket and catastrophic expenditures and also support poverty reduction? Evidence from Ghana’s National Health Insurance Scheme

 

2009

2011

Difference (p-value)

Mean household size

4.211

4.066

0.145 (0.513)

Locality (%)

   

 Rural

1,876 (60.0)

1,876 (60.0)

0 (1.000)

 Urban

1,252 (40.0)

1,252 (40.0)

0 (1.000)

Household head characteristics

   

Sex (%)

   

 Male

2,016 (64.5)

1,970 (63.0)

46 (0.361)

 Female

1,112 (35.6)

1,158 (37.0)

46 (0.361)

Marital status (%)

   

 Never married

508 (16.2)

486 (15.5)

22 (0.496)

 Married

1,997 (63.8)

1,975 (63.1)

2 (0.633)

 Divorced

623 (19.2)

667 (21.3)

44 (0.256)

Religion

   

 Christian

2,715 (86.9)

2,776 (88.8)

61 (0.484)

 Muslim

195 (6.2)

201 (6.4)

6 (0.948)

 Traditional

57 (1.8)

41 (1.3)

16 (0.507)

 None

159 (5.1)

107 (3.4)

52 (0.171)

Education (%)

   

 None

816 (26.1)

816 (26.1)

0 (1.000)

 Primary

684 (21.9)

649 (20.8)

35 (0.740)

 Secondary

1,341 (42.9)

1,391 (44.5)

50 (0.750)

 Tertiary

287 (9.2)

272 (8.7)

15 (0.912)

Occupation (%)

   

 Farmer/fisherman

1,157 (37.0)

1,200 (38.4)

43 (0.883)

 Casual worker

179 (5.7)

228 (7.3)

49 (0.541)

 Student/retired

159 (5.1)

176 (5.6)

17 (0.656)

 Self/government employed

1,514 (48.5)

1,422 (45.5)

92 (0.699)

 Unemployed

116 (3.7)

100 (3.2)

16 (0.584)

Household welfare GH¢ (SE)

   

 Mean monthly income

187.2 (4.1)

306.8 (5.8)

245.6 (0.000)

 Mean monthly expenditure

181.9 (5.6)

358.3 (6.2)

268.1 (0.000)

 Headcount poverty

34.4

20.2

27.4 (0.000)

Household health expenditure GH¢ (SE)

   

 Mean OOPE: OPD

23.0 (1.9)

32.6 (3.4)

25.7 (0.009)

 Mean OOPE: IPD

51.0 (6.7)

62.2 (14.4)

53.5 (0.425)

Incidence of catastrophic health expenditure

27 %

12 %

15 (0.000)

Insurance Status (%)

   

 Insured

986 (31.2)

1,176 (37.5)

190 (0.000)

 Uninsured

2,142 (68.5)

1,952 (62.4)

190 (0.000)

  1. Exchange rate GH¢1.45: US$1 SE: Standard errors