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Table 4 Multivariate regression: medical expenditures and population characteristics

From: Chronic conditions and medical expenditures among non-institutionalized adults in the United States

 

Medical expenditure (Mean, SE)

 

Total medical expenditure

Total hospital expenditure

Total physician office expenditure

Total prescription drug expenditure

Predisposing factors

    

Chronic condition (ref: Without Chronic Conditions)

2243.09 (227.23)***

976.92 (188.93)***

326.39 (40.56)***

733.71 (57.1)***

Age in years (reference: Above 64)

    

18-64

-2156.66 (368.11)***

-707.41 (281.64)*

-566.7 (106.35)***

-266.9 (112.87)*

Sex (reference: Female)

    

Male

-383.35 (193.91)*

-61.17 (156.14)

-147.31 (52.41)**

-40.39 (49.49)

Race/Ethnicity (reference: Non-Hispanic White)

    

Non-Hispanic Black

-149.98 (294.67)

248.36 (221.98)

-96 (61.35)

-254.7 (74.58)***

Hispanic

-659.51 (219.49)**

-317.77 (154.5)*

-39.56 (53.64)

-104.41 (91.06)

Non-Hispanic Asian

-1593.74 (252.59)***

-705.99 (204.49)***

-174.7 (94.64)

-395.28 (61.18)***

Others

-558.01 (627.92)

172.42 (575.5)

-206.19 (70.82)**

-243.07 (114.06)*

Health insurance (reference: Private)

    

Public

-405.39 (395.6)

-224.58 (275.15)

-263.21 (84.74)**

219.26 (99.21)*

No insurance

-1731.07 (214.31)***

-726.95 (173.72)***

-348.4 (41.98)***

-361.19 (36.76)***

Highest education degree (reference: No Degree)

    

High school diploma

947.26 (264.82)***

417.31 (205.75)*

204.41 (63.93)**

262.88 (79.29)**

Bachelor’s degree and above

1892.78 (374.73)***

897.43 (314.62)**

326.3 (65.4)***

440.92 (98.09)***

Other degree

1565.37 (455.16)***

1004.74 (409.8)*

249.62 (81.67)**

283.87 (119.72)*

Marital status (reference: Not Married)

    

Married

442.78 (185.59)*

497.8 (145.61)***

32.94 (44.5)

25.23 (50.5)

Employment status(reference: Not employed)

    

Employed

-952.34 (320.06)**

-122.56 (239.05)

-244.73 (71.24)***

-601.66 (79.81)***

Enabling factors

    

Income (reference: <$20,000)

    

$20,000-$39,999

132.18 (389.94)

-355.09 (333.57)

145.68 (64.16)*

131.49 (65.21)*

> = $40,000

-208.39 (294.82)

-460.79 (243.63)

79.43 (73.06)

125.02 (75.37)

Provider type of USC (reference: Facility)

    

Person

-35.18 (259.88)

26.79 (205.54)

-49.15 (72.56)

44.81 (68.73)

Person in facility

741.92 (341.66)*

377.36 (248.16)

-9.47 (75.44)

244.49 (90.3)**

Inapplicable/DK/Refused/Not Ascertained

-983.66 (257.82)***

-72.43 (232.17)

-287.62 (56.24)***

-397.41 (45.83)***

MSA (reference: No)

    

Yes

306.84 (225.58)

186.47 (173.41)

72.15 (56.55)

-6.29 (72.89)

Census region (reference: South)

    

Northeast

331.13 (265.04)

306.38 (198.54)

19.17 (68.35)

-134.88 (80.02)

Midwest

692.42 (268.9)*

558.63 (227)*

31.37 (71.52)

-77.32 (62.61)

West

105.04 (205.91)

-47.07 (161.15)

-12.26 (66.52)

-180.18 (62.58)**

Need factors

    

Perceived health status(reference: Fair/Poor)

    

Excellent/VG/Good

-6483.91 (585.11)***

-3991.18 (432.82)***

-814.26 (101.39)***

-1226.6 (146.74)***

Perceived mental health status (reference: Fair/Poor)

    

Excellent/VG/Good

-18.05 (512.5)

360.85 (432.12)

-70.45 (99.02)

-326.05 (139.01)*

IADL help screener (reference: No)

    

Yes

7468.67 (1412.92)***

3880.29 (1148.71)***

175.8 (169.5)

1229.41 (351.3)***

ADL help screener (reference: No)

    

Yes

8738.81 (2143.73)***

4908.5 (1836.08)**

102.19 (268.6)

927.15 (461.93)*

  1. *p <0.05, **p <0.01, ***p <0.001.