From: Chronic conditions and medical expenditures among non-institutionalized adults in the United States
 | Medical expenditure (Mean, SE) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
 | Total medical expenditure | Total hospital expenditure | Total physician office expenditure | Total prescription drug expenditure |
Predisposing factors | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Chronic condition (ref: Without Chronic Conditions) | 2243.09 (227.23)*** | 976.92 (188.93)*** | 326.39 (40.56)*** | 733.71 (57.1)*** |
Age in years (reference: Above 64) | Â | Â | Â | Â |
18-64 | -2156.66 (368.11)*** | -707.41 (281.64)* | -566.7 (106.35)*** | -266.9 (112.87)* |
Sex (reference: Female) | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Male | -383.35 (193.91)* | -61.17 (156.14) | -147.31 (52.41)** | -40.39 (49.49) |
Race/Ethnicity (reference: Non-Hispanic White) | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Non-Hispanic Black | -149.98 (294.67) | 248.36 (221.98) | -96 (61.35) | -254.7 (74.58)*** |
Hispanic | -659.51 (219.49)** | -317.77 (154.5)* | -39.56 (53.64) | -104.41 (91.06) |
Non-Hispanic Asian | -1593.74 (252.59)*** | -705.99 (204.49)*** | -174.7 (94.64) | -395.28 (61.18)*** |
Others | -558.01 (627.92) | 172.42 (575.5) | -206.19 (70.82)** | -243.07 (114.06)* |
Health insurance (reference: Private) | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Public | -405.39 (395.6) | -224.58 (275.15) | -263.21 (84.74)** | 219.26 (99.21)* |
No insurance | -1731.07 (214.31)*** | -726.95 (173.72)*** | -348.4 (41.98)*** | -361.19 (36.76)*** |
Highest education degree (reference: No Degree) | Â | Â | Â | Â |
High school diploma | 947.26 (264.82)*** | 417.31 (205.75)* | 204.41 (63.93)** | 262.88 (79.29)** |
Bachelor’s degree and above | 1892.78 (374.73)*** | 897.43 (314.62)** | 326.3 (65.4)*** | 440.92 (98.09)*** |
Other degree | 1565.37 (455.16)*** | 1004.74 (409.8)* | 249.62 (81.67)** | 283.87 (119.72)* |
Marital status (reference: Not Married) | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Married | 442.78 (185.59)* | 497.8 (145.61)*** | 32.94 (44.5) | 25.23 (50.5) |
Employment status(reference: Not employed) | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Employed | -952.34 (320.06)** | -122.56 (239.05) | -244.73 (71.24)*** | -601.66 (79.81)*** |
Enabling factors | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Income (reference: <$20,000) | Â | Â | Â | Â |
$20,000-$39,999 | 132.18 (389.94) | -355.09 (333.57) | 145.68 (64.16)* | 131.49 (65.21)* |
> = $40,000 | -208.39 (294.82) | -460.79 (243.63) | 79.43 (73.06) | 125.02 (75.37) |
Provider type of USC (reference: Facility) | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Person | -35.18 (259.88) | 26.79 (205.54) | -49.15 (72.56) | 44.81 (68.73) |
Person in facility | 741.92 (341.66)* | 377.36 (248.16) | -9.47 (75.44) | 244.49 (90.3)** |
Inapplicable/DK/Refused/Not Ascertained | -983.66 (257.82)*** | -72.43 (232.17) | -287.62 (56.24)*** | -397.41 (45.83)*** |
MSA (reference: No) | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Yes | 306.84 (225.58) | 186.47 (173.41) | 72.15 (56.55) | -6.29 (72.89) |
Census region (reference: South) | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Northeast | 331.13 (265.04) | 306.38 (198.54) | 19.17 (68.35) | -134.88 (80.02) |
Midwest | 692.42 (268.9)* | 558.63 (227)* | 31.37 (71.52) | -77.32 (62.61) |
West | 105.04 (205.91) | -47.07 (161.15) | -12.26 (66.52) | -180.18 (62.58)** |
Need factors | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Perceived health status(reference: Fair/Poor) | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Excellent/VG/Good | -6483.91 (585.11)*** | -3991.18 (432.82)*** | -814.26 (101.39)*** | -1226.6 (146.74)*** |
Perceived mental health status (reference: Fair/Poor) | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Excellent/VG/Good | -18.05 (512.5) | 360.85 (432.12) | -70.45 (99.02) | -326.05 (139.01)* |
IADL help screener (reference: No) | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Yes | 7468.67 (1412.92)*** | 3880.29 (1148.71)*** | 175.8 (169.5) | 1229.41 (351.3)*** |
ADL help screener (reference: No) | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Yes | 8738.81 (2143.73)*** | 4908.5 (1836.08)** | 102.19 (268.6) | 927.15 (461.93)* |