Dimensions | Indicators | Questions and items | Operation definition | Mean | Min, max | Percentage | Data source |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Country-level (N = 29) | |||||||
Social and political attitudes | |||||||
Liberty aspiration | If you had to choose, which one would you say is most important? And which would be the next important? | Respondents’ priorities were “giving people more say in important government decisions” and “protecting freedom of speech”. Assigning 3 points for both items on first and second rank, 2 points for one of these items on first rank, 1 point for one of these items on second rank, and 0 for none of these items on first or second rank. The mean of the aggregate score was computed. | 1.34 | 0.71, 1.92 | --- | WVS/EVS | |
1. Maintaining order in the nation | |||||||
2. Giving people more say in important government decisions | |||||||
3. Fighting rising prices | |||||||
4. Protecting freedom of speech | |||||||
Democratic attitude | Could you please tell me if you agree with the following items at a 4-point scale? | The index was created by adding up the four items. The higher the value, the more-positive attitude toward democracy. The direction of item 1, 2, and 3 were reversed. Mean of the sum of scores of these four items was computed. | 11.49 | 9.82, 12.71 | --- | WVS/EVS | |
1. In democracy, the economic system runs badly | |||||||
2. Democracies are indecisive and have too much quibbling | |||||||
3. Democracies aren’t good at maintaining order | |||||||
4. Democracy may have problems but it’s better than any other form of government | |||||||
Value diversity | Please tell me whether you think it can always be justified, never be justified or something in between along a 10-point scale. | The sum of the standard deviation of each statement was calculated | 14.21 | 11.92, 16.69 | --- | WVS/EVS | |
1. Homosexuality | |||||||
2. Abortion | |||||||
3. Divorce | |||||||
4. Euthanasia | |||||||
5. Suicide | |||||||
Social exclusion | Ethnic tolerance | Could you please sort out any that you would not like to have as neighbors? | The percentage of not mentioning immigrants | 79.04 | 6.21, 97.40 | --- | WVS/EVS |
Immigrant percentage | The percentage of immigrants by total population | 10.37 | 1.30, 39.40 | --- | OECD, ADB | ||
Equal opportunities | Gender employment ratio | Female to male employment ratio | 0.76 | 0.56, 0.94 | --- | OECD, ADB | |
Gender wage gap | The difference between male and female earnings expressed as a percentage of male earnings | 18.47 | 7.10, 40.40 | --- | OECD, ADB | ||
Social expenditure | Percentage of GDP | 19.96 | 5.26, 30.10 | --- | OECD, ADB | ||
Health expenditure | Percentage of GDP | 7.48 | 4.89, 13.00 | --- | OECD, ADB | ||
Physician density | Number of physicians per 1,000 people | 2.71 | 1.16, 4.23 | --- | OECD, ADB | ||
Education expenditure | Percentage of GDP | 5.23 | 2.80, 8.10 | --- | WDI, ADB | ||
Government responsibility | How would you place your views on this scale? | The percentage of people who placed their view as ≤ 5 was determined | 56.52 | 13.92, 79.25 | --- | WVS/EVS | |
The government should take more responsibility to ensure that everyone is provided for versus people should take the responsibility to provide for themselves. | |||||||
The responses exhibited a range from 1–10, with 1 being “government should take more responsibility” and 10 being “people should take more responsibility”. | |||||||
Regional disparity | Gini index × 100 | Gini coefficients of family income | 31.67 | 22.50, 52.50 | --- | WDI, ADB | |
Availability of social relations | Association membership | Percentage of people who had joined at least one among a list of 15 voluntary organizations | 60.04 | 14.37, 95.66 | --- | WVS/EVS | |
Quality of social relations | Social trust | Generally speaking, would you say that most people can be trusted or that you need to be very careful in dealing with people? | Percentage of people reporting 1 | 36.73 | 12.30, 66.53 | WVS/EVS | |
1. Most people can be trusted | |||||||
2. Need to be very careful | |||||||
Quality of social institutions | Trust in civil service | How much confidence you have in the civil service? A great deal, quite a lot, not very much, or none at all | Percentage of “a great deal” and “quite a lot” | 44.42 | 14.34, 66.58 | --- | WVS/EVS |
Individual-level (N = 47,923) | |||||||
Self-rated health (good health) | Fair and bad health (reference) vs. good and very good health | --- | --- | 68.43 | WVS, EVS | ||
Gender (men) | Women (reference) vs. men | --- | --- | 46.97 | WVS, EVS | ||
Age | Age in years | 45.96 | 14, 110 | --- | WVS, EVS | ||
Educational level | Primary education (reference) | --- | --- | 27.71 | WVS, EVS | ||
Upper secondary education | 52.06 | ||||||
Tertiary education | 20.23 | ||||||
Income | Lower tertile (reference) | --- | --- | 26.19 | WVS, EVS | ||
Middle tertile | 35.54 | ||||||
Upper tertile | 38.27 |