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Table 4 Effects of multimorbidity and socioeconomic characteristics on annual non-pharmacy costs a

From: The influence of socio-economic status and multimorbidity patterns on healthcare costs: a six-year follow-up under a universal healthcare system

 

Model 1

Model 2

Model 3

(β)

p-value

(β)

p-value

(β)

p-value

Age

0.024

<.001

0.006

<.001

0.005

<.001

Male

−0.875

<.001

−0.362

<.001

−0.357

<.001

Female (reference)

Occupation

 Employer

−0.099

<.001

−0.040

.003

0.781

<.001

 Physician

−0.264

<.001

0.507

<.001

2.708

<.001

 Paramedical personnel

0.366

<.001

0.439

<.001

4.046

<.001

 Public servant

0.357

<.001

0.146

<.001

3.012

<.001

Employees or self-employed (reference)

 Farmer

0.389

<.001

−0.046

<.001

0.114

<.001

 Fisherman

0.126

<.001

−0.111

<.001

0.030

.385

 Low income

1.940

<.001

0.799

<.001

−0.350

<.001

 Unemployed families (vs. employed)

0.833

<.001

0.250

<.001

0.251

<.001

Income

 <=USD$594

−1.193

<.001

−0.642

<.001

−0.627

<.001

 USD$594 - $ 1 210 (reference)

USD$1 210 - $3 850

0.209

<.001

0.224

<.001

0.222

<.001

> = USD$3 850

0.136

<.001

0.406

<.001

0.392

<.001

Multimorbidity

0 RxMG (reference)

 1 - 4 RxMGs

  

11.503

<.001

11.741

<.001

 5 - 8 RxMGs

  

12.503

<.001

12.742

<.001

 > 8 RxMGs

  

13.646

<.001

13.854

<.001

Interaction of occupation and multimorbidity

 1 - 4 RxMGs * Employer

    

−0.925

<.001

 1 - 4 RxMGs * Physician

    

−2.792

<.001

 1 - 4 RxMGs * Paramedical personnel

    

−4.055

<.001

 1 - 4 RxMGs * Public servant

    

−3.118

<.001

 1 - 4 RxMGs * Farmer

    

−0.219

<.001

 1 - 4 RxMGs * Fisherman

    

−0.151

<.001

 1 - 4 RxMGs * Low income

    

1.111

<.001

 5 - 8 RxMGs * Employer

    

−0.942

<.001

 5 - 8 RxMGs * Physician

    

−2.717

<.001

 5 - 8 RxMGs * Paramedical personnel

    

−4.138

<.001

 5 - 8 RxMGs * Public servant

    

−3.246

<.001

 5 - 8 RxMGs * Farmer

    

−0.192

<.001

 5 - 8 RxMGs * Fisherman

    

−0.170

<.001

 5 - 8 RxMGs * Low income

    

1.247

<.001

 > 8 RxMGs * Employer

    

−1.019

<.001

 > 8 RxMGs * Physician

    

−2.573

<.001

 > 8 RxMGs * Paramedical personnel

    

−4.310

<.001

 > 8 RxMGs * Public servant

    

−3.315

<.001

 > 8 RxMGs * Farmer

    

−0.089

<.001

 > 8 RxMGs * Fisherman

    

−0.183

<.001

 > 8 RxMGs * Low income

    

1.422

<.001

Model fitting indices

 −2 Log Likelihood

33 906 909

 

30 075 330

 

30 042 645

 

 AIC

33 906 951

 

30 075 372

 

30 042 687

 

 BIC

33 907 198

 

30 075 619

 

30 042 935

 
  1. a.costs are log-transformed.
  2. Model 1: controlled for age and gender then estimated effect of occupation and income on log-transformed annual non-pharmacy costs.
  3. Model 2: included all variables appeared in model 1, plus multimorbidity (Rx-MGs classification).
  4. Model 3: included all variables appeared in model 2, plus the interaction between occupation and multimorbidity.