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Table 2 Logistic regression analyses of factors affecting multimorbidity

From: The social determinants of multimorbidity in South Africa

 

Step 1 - Unadjusted

Step 2 - Structural

Step 3 - Intermediary

Step 4 - Full

 

OR

(95% CI)

OR

(95% CI)

OR

(95% CI)

OR

(95% CI)

1 Chronic disease

        

Age

1.06**

(1.05, 1.07)

1.18**

(1.14, 1.21)

  

1.15**

(1.11, 1.18)

Gender

        

Male

1

 

1

   

1

 

Female

1.76**

(1.50, 2.06)

1.53**

(1.30, 1.80)

  

1.18

(0.98, 1.41)

Race

        

African

  

1

   

1

 

Coloured

1.73**

(1.35, 2.20)

1.38*

(1.00, 1.90)

  

1.33

(0.94, 1.86)

Asian/Indian

1.18

(0.77, 1.82)

1.04

(0.57, 1.89)

  

0.87

(0.39, 1.95)

White

2.07**

(1.36, 3.17)

1.44

(0.87, 2.40)

  

1.80*

(1.10, 2.94)

Education

        

None

  

1

   

1

 

Primary

0.85

(0.65, 1.11)

1.24

(0.95, 1.62)

  

1.30*

(1.01, 1.68)

Secondary

0.30**

(0.24, 0.38)

0.74*

(0.55, 0.99)

  

0.79

(0.59, 1.05)

Tertiary

0.46*

(0.24, 0.86)

0.73

(0.43, 1.25)

  

0.83

(0.48, 1.43)

Employment

        

Unemployed

      

1

 

Employed

0.68**

(0.58, 0.79)

0.70**

(0.58, 0.86)

  

0.72**

(0.58, 0.90)

Income

        

Quintile 1

1

 

1

   

1

 

Quintile 2

1.16

(0.93, 1.44)

1.02

(0.81, 1.29)

  

1.03

(0.81, 1.32)

Quintile 3

1.30*

(1.03, 1.66)

1.20

(0.93, 1.56)

  

1.21

(0.93, 1.59)

Quintile 4

1.40*

(1.08, 1.83)

1.41*

(1.04, 1.92)

  

1.44*

(1.05, 1.97)

Quintile 5

1.32

(0.96, 1.83)

1.24

(0.87, 1.77)

  

1.20

(0.82, 1.75)

Social assistance

        

No

  

1

   

1

 

Yes

2.67**

(2.25, 3.17)

1.48**

(1.22, 1.80)

  

1.30*

(1.06, 1.60)

Residence

        

Urban

1

 

1

   

1

 

Rural

0.80*

(0.66, 0.97)

0.65**

(0.52, 0.81)

  

0.70**

(0.58, 0.85)

Smoking

        

No

1

   

1

 

1

 

Yes

0.86

(0.69, 1.08)

  

1.13

(0.91, 1.41)

0.97

(0.77, 1.22)

Obesity

        

Not obese

1

   

1

 

1

 

Obese

2.82**

(2.37, 3.35)

  

2.67**

(2.21, 3.23)

1.74**

(1.43, 2.12)

Depression

1.05**

(1.03, 1.07)

  

1.04**

(1.02, 1.05)

1.03**

(1.01, 1.05)

Health facility

        

No

1

   

1

 

1

 

Yes

4.94**

(4.02, 6.08)

  

4.56**

(3.74, 5.57)

3.77**

(3.09, 4.60)

Civic participation

        

No

1

   

1

 

1

 

Yes

1.11

(0.94, 1.30)

  

1.01

(0.85, 1.19)

0.92

(0.77, 1.10)

2 or more chronic diseases

        

Age

1.08**

(1.07, 1.09)

1.44**

(1.32, 1.57)

  

1.38**

(1.25, 1.51)

Gender

        

Male

1

 

1

   

1

 

Female

2.44**

(1.77, 3.35)

1.95**

(1.39, 2.73)

  

1.17

(0.78, 1.75)

Race

        

African

1

 

1

   

1

 

Coloured

1.82**

(1.33, 2.49)

1.24

(0.82, 1.87)

  

1.43

(0.90, 2.26)

Asian/Indian

2.94*

(1.07, 8.04)

2.13

(0.69, 6.59)

  

2.12

(0.59, 7.53)

White

2.21*

(1.08, 4.51)

1.12

(0.41, 3.06)

  

1.92

(0.70, 5.29)

Education

        

None

1

 

1

   

1

 

Primary

0.79

(0.55, 1.13)

1.23

(0.84, 1.80)

  

1.34

(0.92, 1.97)

Secondary

0.27**

(0.17, 0.42)

0.91

(0.56, 1.48)

  

0.98

(0.58, 1.66)

Tertiary

0.18**

(0.09, 0.34)

0.30

(0.08, 1.16)

  

0.40

(0.11, 1.44)

Employment

        

Unemployed

1

 

1

   

1

 

Employed

0.48**

(0.34, 0.70)

0.65*

(0.42, 0.99)

  

0.70

(0.46, 1.07)

Income

        

Quintile 1

1

 

1

   

1

 

Quintile 2

2.80**

(1.59, 4.96)

2.14*

(1.21, 3.79)

  

2.23*

(1.28, 3.88)

Quintile 3

3.48**

(1.97, 6.16)

2.90**

(1.63, 5.16)

  

3.02**

(1.71, 5.32)

Quintile 4

3.14**

(1.72, 5.75)

2.86**

(1.53, 5.33)

  

2.89**

(1.56, 5.33)

Quintile 5

3.02**

(1.56, 5.84)

3.69**

(1.74, 7.81)

  

3.17**

(1.46, 6.86)

Social assistance

        

No

1

 

1

   

1

 

Yes

5.66**

(4.03, 7.97)

2.84**

(1.88, 4.30)

  

2.35**

(1.59, 3.49)

Residence

        

Urban

1

 

1

   

1

 

Rural

0.78

(0.58, 1.05)

0.59**

(0.42, 0.82)

  

0.65*

(0.46, 0.93)

Smoking

        

No

1

   

1

 

1

 

Yes

0.49**

(0.34, 0.71)

  

0.75

(0.50, 1.12)

0.61*

(0.38, 0.96)

Obesity

        

Not obese

1

   

1

 

1

 

Obese

4.80**

(3.53, 6.52)

  

4.28**

(3.12, 5.88)

2.33**

(1.60, 3.39)

Depression

1.09**

(1.05, 1.13)

  

1.07**

(1.03, 1.11)

1.07**

(1.02, 1.11)

Health facility visits

        

No

1

   

1

 

1

 

Yes

8.05**

(5.98, 10.84)

  

6.91**

(5.07, 9.43)

5.14**

(3.75, 7.05)

Civic participation

        

No

1

   

1

 

1

 

Yes

1.28

(0.92, 1.79)

  

1.10

(0.78, 1.56)

1.03

(0.77, 1.38)

  1. **p<0.001; *p<0.05; OR Odds ratio, CI Confidence interval.
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International Journal for Equity in Health

ISSN: 1475-9276

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