From: Health care payments in the asia pacific: validation of five survey measures of economic burden
 | Measures of economic burden from health care payments | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
 | Direct cost | Direct negative consequences | |||
Construct | Any health expenditure | Health expenditure amount | Catastrophic health expenditure | Indebtedness | Impoverishment |
Health care need | + / 4 | + / 4 | + / 4 | + / 4 | + / 4 |
Wealth | + / 3 | + / 4 | – / 3 | – / 4 | – / 4 |
Risk protection | – / 3 | – / 1 | – / 3 | – / 3 | – / 4 |
Total b | 10 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 |