From: Inequality in fertility rate and modern contraceptive use among Ghanaian women from 1988–2008
Variables | Non-use of modern contraceptive method | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1988 | 1993 | 1998 | 2003 | 2008 | |
Residence a | |||||
Urban | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
Rural: AF (sTAF) | 0.29(0.20) | 0.33(0.22) | 0.17(0.12) | 0.09(0.06) | 0.09(0.05) |
Total Attributable Fraction (TAF) | 0.20 | 0.22 | 0.12 | 0.06 | 0.05 |
Relative Index of Inequality (RII) | 1.43 | 1.47 | 1.12 | 1.06 | 1.05 |
Slope Index of Inequality (SII) | 9.78 | 8.05 | 0.89 | 0.62 | 0.33 |
p-value | 0.001 | <0.001 | 0.081 | 0.299 | 0.355 |
Educational level a | |||||
Never attended: AF (sTAF) | 0.85(0.38) | 0.93(0.40) | 0.81(0.34) | 0.76(0.30) | 0.74(0.22) |
Basic education: AF (sTAF) | 0.52(0.26) | 0.71(0.36) | 0.55(0.28) | 0.33(0.17) | 0.44(0.25) |
Secondary: AF (sTAF) | 0.09(0.004) | 0.5(0.03) | 0.41(0.03) | 0.17(0.01) | 0.23(0.03) |
Higher | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
Total Attributable Fraction (TAF) | 0.64 | 0.79 | 0.65 | 0.48 | 0.50 |
Relative Index of Inequality (RII) | 11.32 | 18.86 | 6.00 | 6.63 | 4.55 |
Slope Index of Inequality (SII) | 27.9 | 21.83 | 7.09 | 8.96 | 5.41 |
p-value | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
Income level a | |||||
Low income: AF (sTAF) | 0.38(0.17) | No data | 0.33(0.15) | 0.33(0.15) | 0.23(0.11) |
Average income: AF (sTAF) | 0.23(0.05) | 0.09(0.02) | 0.17(0.03) | 0 | |
High income | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | |
Total Attributable Fraction (TAF) | 0.22 | 0.17 | 0.18 | 0.11 | |
Relative Index of Inequality (RII) | 2.11 | No data | 1.89 | 1.93 | 1.59 |
Slope Index of Inequality (SII) | 16.12 | 4.00 | 5.08 | 2.58 | |
p-value | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.005 |