From: Inequality in fertility rate and modern contraceptive use among Ghanaian women from 1988–2008
Variables | High fertility | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1988 | 1993 | 1998 | 2003 | 2008 | |
n (%) aOR(95% CI) | n (%) aOR(95% CI) | n (%) aOR(95% CI) | n (%) aOR(95% CI) | n (%) aOR(95% CI) | |
Residence a | |||||
Urban | 509(33.4) Ref | 432(25.1) Ref | 370(23.3) Ref | 527(22.2) Ref | 434(20.1) Ref |
Rural | 1241(41.9) 1.4(1.1-1.7) | 1221(43.0) 1.9(1.5-2.2) | 1272(39.0) 2.0(1.7-2.5) | 1352(40.8) 1.1(0.9-1.4) | 1024(37.2) 1.4(1.1-1.8) |
Total | 1750 | 1653 | 1642 | 1879 | 1458 |
Educational level a | |||||
Never attended | 989(55.5) 4.5(1.8-11.1) | 846(53.0) 6.2(3.2-12.1) | 871(50.1) 8.8(4.8-16.2) | 986(51.4) 3.8(2.2-6.6) | 689(55.4) 7.9(4.3-14.3) |
Basic education | 719(30.4) 3.1(1.3-7.5) | 739(29.6) 4.3(2.2-8.4) | 711(27.0) 4.9(2.7-8.8) | 828(26.2) 2.7(1.6-4.7) | 714(24.7) 3.8(2.1-6.8) |
Secondary | 29(9.8) 0.6(0.2-1.6) | 53(13.4) 1.4(0.7-2.8) | 42(11.5) 2.0(1.0-4.0) | 42(9.1) 1.0(0.5-1.9) | 37(6.2) 1.3(0.7-2.6) |
Higher | 13(32.5) Ref | 15(20.8) Ref | 18(17.1) Ref | 22(15.3) Ref | 16(8.8) Ref |
Total | 1750 | 1653 | 1642 | 1879 | 1456 |
Income level a | |||||
Low income | 470(51.7) 1.0(0.8-1.3) | 595(45.0) 1.1(0.9-1.4) | 1033(44.2) 3.0(2.3-4.0) | 821(40.8) 2.1(1.6-2.7) | |
Average income | 202(42.6) 0.8(0.6-1.1) | 265(42.1) 1.3(1.0-1.7) | 365(36.9) 2.4(1.8-3.1) | 273(30.4) 1.8(1.4-2.4) | |
High income | 385(44.4) Ref | 458(36.9) Ref | 481(20.4) Ref | 364(18.1) Ref | |
Total | 1057 | No data | 1318 | 1879 | 1458 |