A multilevel analysis of social capital and self-reported health: evidence from Seoul, South Korea

Table 5 Multilevel logistic analysis for self-reported health (odds ratios and 95% confidence interval in parentheses; n = 4,730)

Fixed effects	Self-rated health (good/very good health)
	Model 1	Model 2	Model 3
Individual level variables
Age	0.98 (0.97-0.99)*	0.98 (0.97-0.99)*	0.99 (0.97-1.01)
Gender
Male	1.73 (1.41-2.11)***	1.79 (1.34-2.38)***	1.80 (1.35-2.41)***
Social class
High	1.72 (1.41-2.11)***	1.61 (1.23-2.09)***	1.60 (1.23-2.08)***
Employment status
Employed	0.62 (0.49-0.79)***	0.76 (0.55-1.05)	0.76 (0.55-1.05)
Educational attainment
College or University equivalent degree	0.28 (0.21-0.37)***	0.30 (0.23-0.41)***	0.27 (0.21-0.36)***
Graduate school	0.60 (0.43-0.83)**	0.60 (0.43-0.84)**	0.53 (0.38-0.73)***
Marital status
Married	0.27 (0.20-0.36)***	0.27 (0.20-0.36)***	0.23 (0.17-0.30)***
Widowed/divorced/separated	0.02 (0.01-0.03)***	0.02 (0.01-0.03)***	0.01 (0.01-0.02)***
Smoking
Yes	0.64 (0.47-0.89)**	0.63 (0.46-0.87)**	0.63 (0.46-0.87)**
Drinking
Medium	1.59 (1.27-1.99)***	1.49 (1.19-1.86)***	1.39 (1.11-1.73)**
Heavy	0.43 (0.24-0.75)**	0.38 (0.25-0.57)***	0.40 (0.27-0.58)***
Network source	1.18 (1.06-1.31)**	1.16 (1.05-1.30)**	1.23 (1.11-1.37)***
Organizational participation
High	2.03 (1.58-2.60)***	2.11 (1.67-2.68)***	2.55 (2.11-3.08)***
Area-level variables
Concentrated disadvantage		0.90 (0.51, 1.57)	0.90 (0.58-1.38)
Organizational participation		0.58 (0.30-1.14)	0.67 (0.43-1.02)
Cross-level interactions
Individual×area organizational participation			0.40 (0.32-0.50)***
Random effects
Level2: Between-area variation (se)	0.174 (0.049)***	0.146 (0.039)***	0.154 (0.044)***
Intra-class correlation	0.050	0.042	0.044

*p < 0.05; **p < 0.01; ***p < 0.001.
All models adjusted for a dummy variable whether the respondents surveyed through a quota sampling, the within-area percentages of respondents surveyed through a quota sampling, and the response rates of area.

ISSN: 1475-9276